Index: contrib/tzdata/africa =================================================================== --- contrib/tzdata/africa (revision 273102) +++ contrib/tzdata/africa (working copy) @@ -1,13 +1,11 @@ -# 
-# @(#)africa	8.33
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
@@ -26,6 +24,10 @@
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+# .
+#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
@@ -32,13 +34,13 @@
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
 # for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
 # but Mark R V Murray reports that
-# `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
-# `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
-# `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
-# the area that includes Nigeria is ``West Africa''.
-# He has heard of ``Western Sahara Time'' for +0:00 but can find no reference.
+# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
+# 'CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
+# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
+# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
+# He has heard of "Western Sahara Time" for +0:00 but can find no reference.
 #
-# To make things confusing, `WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
+# To make things confusing, 'WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
 # I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
 # and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
 # This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@
 #	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
 # and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
 #	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time
-# I realize that this leads to `WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
+# I realize that this leads to 'WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
 # for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
 # until we get more information.
 #
@@ -117,16 +119,18 @@ Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Botswana
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
+# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19 2:00
 			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Burkina Faso
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Burundi
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
 
 # Chad
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912
+Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912 # N'Djamena
 			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
 			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
 			1:00	-	WAT
@@ -176,10 +180,20 @@ Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
 Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
-# Cote D'Ivoire
+# Côte D'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Sao_Tome	# São Tomé and Príncipe
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 
 # Djibouti
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -190,6 +204,11 @@ Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 
 # Egypt
 
+# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
+# observatory; round to nearest.  Milne also says that the official time for
+# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
+# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -219,30 +238,26 @@ Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
 #
 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
-# 
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
-# 
 # or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
-# 
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
-Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
-# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm 
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
+# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
-Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
@@ -276,15 +291,9 @@ Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
 #
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
-# [1] 
-# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
-# 
-# [2] 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
-# 
-# [3] 
-# http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
-# 
+# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
+# [2] http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
@@ -292,45 +301,110 @@ Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
 # in September.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
-# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet 
+# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
-# 
-# 
+#
 # The Middle East News Agency
-# 
 # http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
-# 
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
-# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT." 
+# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
 # and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
 # (at least today).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
-# According to News from Egypt -  Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
+# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
 # Ramadan.
 #
 # Arabic translation:
-# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan--and then forward again"
-# 
+# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
-# 
 
-Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	10	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
+# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
 
+# From Gunther Vermier (2015-05-13):
+# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
+
+# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
+# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
+# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
+# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
+# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
+# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
+# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
+# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
+# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
+# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
+# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
+# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
+# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
+# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
+# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
+# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
+# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
+#
+# For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use
+# 2010's rules, and guess that Egypt will switch to standard time at
+# 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 00:00 the
+# first Friday after Ramadan.  To implement this,
+# transition dates for 2015 through 2037 were determined by running
+# the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the results integrated
+# by hand into the table below.  Ramadan again intrudes on the guessed
+# DST starting in 2038, but that's beyond our somewhat-arbitrary cutoff.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1436))
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (friday 5))
+#       (while (/= friday (mod a 7))
+#         (setq a (1- a)))
+#       (while (/= friday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (1- a))
+#       (setq b (1- b))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tEgypt\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tEgypt\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\tS\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	max	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2015	2019	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2015	only	-	Jun	11	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2015	only	-	Jul	23	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2016	only	-	Jun	 2	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2016	only	-	Jul	 7	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2017	only	-	May	25	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2017	only	-	Jun	29	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2018	only	-	May	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2018	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2019	only	-	May	 2	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2019	only	-	Jun	 6	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2020	only	-	May	28	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2021	only	-	May	13	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2022	only	-	May	 5	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2023	max	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:00 -	LMT	1900 Oct
+Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
@@ -347,10 +421,15 @@ Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Ethiopia
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time zones
-# between 1870 and 1890, and that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in 1890.
-# We'll guess that 38E50 is for Adis Dera.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
+# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
+# 02:00 or 14:00.  Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time
+# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
+# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05.  Perhaps 38E50
+# was for Adis Dera.  Quite likely the Shanks data are wrong anyway.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
 			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
@@ -362,28 +441,24 @@ Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Gambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935	# Banjul Mean Time
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Ghana
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to ``the present'';
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
+# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
+# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
+# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
+# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
 			 0:00	Ghana	%s
 
 # Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -425,6 +500,28 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 
 # Libya
 
+# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
+# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
+# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
+#
+# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
+# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
+# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
+# (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
+# lastFri instead of lastSun).
+
+# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
+# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
+# cancelled yesterday....
+# http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UTC+2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -439,16 +536,21 @@ Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
-# The following entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
+# The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
 # the IATA SSIM data contain some obvious errors.
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
-			1:00	-	CET	1997 Apr  4
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1997 Oct  4
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
+			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10 2:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25 2:00
 			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
@@ -464,18 +566,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Mali
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
-			 0:00	-	GMT
-
 # Mauritania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Mauritius
 
@@ -482,7 +574,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
 # Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
 # basis....
-# It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to 
+# It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
 
@@ -499,19 +591,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
 # According to
-# 
 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
-# 
 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
 # given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
-# 
-# A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date 
-# to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date, 
-# but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in 
-# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder 
-# why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which 
+#
+# A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
+# to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
+# but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
+# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
+# why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
 # changes two days later.
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
@@ -520,18 +610,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
 #
 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
-# de l'heure d'ete" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
-# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one.
-# ...
-# 
+# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
+# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
-# 
 
 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
-# 
 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
 #
 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
@@ -541,7 +626,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
-# year 2008 - 2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
+# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
 # and end on 29 March 2009.
 
 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
@@ -548,9 +633,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
@@ -557,20 +640,14 @@ Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # DST the coming summer...
 #
 # Some sources, in French:
-# 
 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
-# 
-# 
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
-# The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this: 
+# The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 
@@ -591,7 +668,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Morocco
-# See the `europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
+# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
@@ -599,21 +676,14 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 #
 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
-# Communication Minister and Gov ernment Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
+# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
-# 
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe Presse:
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
-# 
 #
 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
 # spokesman.
@@ -620,83 +690,54 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
-# 
 # http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
-# 
-# (and republished here:
-# 
-# http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html
-# 
-# )
-# the changes occurs at midnight:
+# (and republished here: )
+# the changes occur at midnight:
 #
-# saturday night may 31st at midnight (which in french is to be
-# intrepreted as the night between saturday and sunday)
-# sunday night the 28th  at midnight
+# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
+# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
+# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
 #
-# Seeing that the 28th is monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
-# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between sunday and
-# monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
-# june1st to sept 27th.
+# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
+# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
+# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
+# June 1st to Sept 27th.
 #
 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
 # published on the web.
 #
 # It's also confirmed here:
-# 
 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
-# 
-# on a government portal as being  between june 1st and sept 27th (not yet
-# posted in english).
+# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
+# posted in English).
 #
-# The following google query will generate many relevant hits:
-# 
+# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
 # http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
-# 
 
-# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# Is Western Sahara (part which administrated by Morocco) going to follow
-# Morocco DST changes?  Any information?  What about other part of
-# Western Sahara - under administration of POLISARIO Front (also named
-# SADR Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic)?
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-09):
-# XXX--guess that it is only Morocco for now; guess only 2008 for now.
-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
-# Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31 
-# and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end 
+# Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
+# and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
 # of September:
 #
 # One article about it (in French):
-# 
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
-# 
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
 # to many sources, such as
-# 
 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
-# 
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
-# Ministere de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
+# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
 #
 # Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 june 1967)
 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
@@ -703,13 +744,8 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
@@ -717,14 +753,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
 #
 # Example:
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
-# 
 # (French)
 # Our page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
-# 
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
@@ -734,34 +766,20 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
 # +212.537.71.84.00
-# 
 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
-# 
 # They said that
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
-# 
 # is the official publication to look at.
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
-# 
-# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-lev
-# 
-# e.html
-# 
+# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
-# anche-prochain-5538.html
-# 
 
 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
 # They have it written in English here:
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
-# 
 #
 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
@@ -768,6 +786,102 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamou
 # wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
 # also been like that in the past.
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
+# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
+# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
+# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
+# http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
+# Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
+# the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
+# last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
+# except the month of Ramadan.
+# or (brief)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
+# The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
+# effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
+# it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
+# Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
+# start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
+
+# From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
+# Seen Morocco change again:
+# http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
+# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
+# comme annoncé précédemment."
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
+# The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
+#
+# Google translation, lightly edited:
+# Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
+# Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
+# 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
+# Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
+# of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
+# of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
+# Monday, August 20, 2012.  So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
+# 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
+# August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
+# Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
+# announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
+# announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
+# 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
+# .
+
+# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
+# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
+# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
+# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
+# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
+# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
+# source (French):
+# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
+# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
+# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
+
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
+# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
+# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
+# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-05):
+# For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2014's rules,
+# and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
+# Saturday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Saturday after
+# Ramadan.  To implement this, transition dates for 2015 through 2037 were
+# determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
+# results integrated by hand into the table below.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1436))
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (saturday 6))
+#       (while (/= saturday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= saturday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -788,20 +902,65 @@ Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	 21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	 31	 0	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2022	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	13	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	18	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 4	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	12	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	16	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 4	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 8	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	18	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	30	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	10	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	15	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Apr	 2	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 7	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	22	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 5	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2026	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	27	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	18	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	10	 3:00	0	-
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+
 # Western Sahara
-Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
+# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
+# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
+# Morocco does.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
+# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
+# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
+
+Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1976 Apr 14
-			 0:00	-	WET
+			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
 
 # Mozambique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -820,7 +979,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 # of the country.
-# 
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
 # Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
 # we have no details.  In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
@@ -849,15 +1008,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
 Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
-# Reunion
+# Réunion
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
-			4:00	-	RET	# Reunion Time
+			4:00	-	RET	# Réunion Time
 #
-# Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
+# Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
-# Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
-# no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# Îles Éparses (, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
@@ -872,28 +1033,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # St Helena
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
-			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951	# Jamestown Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
-#	Ascension: on GMT, says usno1995 and the CIA
+#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
 #	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
 #		on GMT, says the CIA
-#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: no information, but probably GMT
+#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
 
-# Sao Tome and Principe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912	# Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
-
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
 # Senegal
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Seychelles
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -907,17 +1057,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
-			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
-			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
-			 0:00	SL	%s
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Somalia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -940,9 +1080,9 @@ Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 
 # Sudan
 #
-# From 
-# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13)
-# , also reported by Michael De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+# From 
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
+# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
@@ -958,9 +1098,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # South Sudan
-Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:24 -	LMT	1931
-			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
 
 # Swaziland
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -975,14 +1113,12 @@ Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Togo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
-			0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Tunisia
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
-# My correspondent, Risto Nykanen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
+# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
 # this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
 # , in a story attributed to AP
 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
@@ -991,7 +1127,7 @@ Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 # Saturday."  (My translation)
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
-# LaPresse, the first national daily newspaper ...
+# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
 # 
 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
 # 1h standard time.
@@ -1005,18 +1141,12 @@ Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
-# 
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
@@ -1024,20 +1154,17 @@ Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
 #
 # (in English)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
-# 
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
-# 
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009--3-18):
-# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is due to the fact
-# that the fasting month of ramadan coincides with the period concerned by summer time.
-# Therefore, the standard time will be kept unchanged the whole year long."
-# So foregoing DST seems to be an exception (albeit one that may be repeated in the  future).
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
+# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
+# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
+# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
+# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
+# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
@@ -1049,12 +1176,8 @@ Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
-# 
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Index: contrib/tzdata/antarctica
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/antarctica	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/antarctica	(working copy)
@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
-# 
-# @(#)antarctica	8.10
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
-# 
 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
-# 
+# 
 # and
-# 
 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
-# 
+# 
 # for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
 #
 # Except for the French entries,
 # I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
-# FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
+# FORMAT is 'zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
+# These rules are stolen from the 'southamerica' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -51,54 +47,24 @@ Rule	ChileAQ	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	only	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	only	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2013	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-
 # Argentina - year-round bases
 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
-# Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
-# Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
-# Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
-# San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
+# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
 #	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 
 # Australia - territories
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
-#	
 #	Margaret Turner reports
-#	 (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
@@ -115,20 +81,13 @@ Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 #
 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
-# 
 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
-# 
 #
 # We have more background information here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
-# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
-# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
-# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
-# on 4 April.
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
 #
 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
@@ -139,23 +98,18 @@ Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
 #
 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 #
-# In addition to the Rule changes for Casey/Davis, it means that Macquarie
-# will no longer be like Hobart and will have to have its own Zone created.
-#
 # Background:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
-# 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969
-			8:00	-	WST	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Western (Aus) Standard Time
+			8:00	-	AWST	2009 Oct 18 2:00
+						# Australian Western Std Time
 			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar 5 2:00
 						# Casey Time
-			8:00	-	WST	2011 Oct 28 2:00
+			8:00	-	AWST	2011 Oct 28 2:00
 			11:00	-	CAST	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
-			8:00	-	WST
+			8:00	-	AWST
 Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13
 			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
 			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb
@@ -168,31 +122,28 @@ Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
 			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
 						# Mawson Time
 			5:00	-	MAWT
-Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1911
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	AusAQ	EST	1967
-			10:00	ATAQ	EST	2010 Apr 4 3:00
-			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie Island Time
 # References:
-# 
 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# 
 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# 
 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
-# 
+# 
 
+# Belgium - year-round base
+# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007
+
 # Brazil - year-round base
-# Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
 
+# Bulgaria - year-round base
+# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988
+
 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
-# Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
-# General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
-# Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
+# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
 # These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
 
@@ -200,20 +151,23 @@ Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 
-# France - year-round bases
+# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
 # Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
-# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
-# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
+# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
+# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
 # from Tasmania.
 #
 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 #
-# Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
-# Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
-# Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
+# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
+#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
+#	see Indian/Reunion.
+#
+# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
+# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 #	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 #
 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
@@ -220,11 +174,12 @@ Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
 #	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Français
 			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
-# Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+#  (2005-12-05)
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
@@ -234,20 +189,22 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
 			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
 			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
-# Reference:
-# 
-# Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
-# 
 
+# France & Italy - year-round base
+# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
+
 # Germany - year-round base
-# Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
+# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009
 
-# India - year-round base
-# Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
+# India - year-round bases
+# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
+# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989
 
+# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
+# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986
+
 # Japan - year-round bases
-# Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
-# Syowa, -690022+0393524
+# Syowa (also known as Showa), -690022+0393524, since 1957
 #
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
@@ -259,11 +216,11 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
 # See:
-# 
 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
-# 
+# 
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
+# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 
 # New Zealand - claims
@@ -271,19 +228,8 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 #
 # year-round base
-# Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.
-#
-# These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NZAQ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
 
 # Norway - territories
 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
@@ -290,10 +236,42 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 #
 # claims
 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tzcode 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	CET
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	CEST
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	CET
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	zzz	2005 Feb 12
+     			0:00	Troll	%s
 
 # Poland - year-round base
 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 
+# Romania - year-bound base
+# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986
+
 # Russia - year-round bases
 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
@@ -303,8 +281,8 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 #	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 
 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
-# 
-# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15)
+# :
 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 #
@@ -311,15 +289,15 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 # what they had to say about time there:
-# ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
-# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
-# in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
+# in person.  He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
@@ -331,9 +309,12 @@ Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
 
 # S Africa - year-round bases
 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
-# Sanae, -7141-00250
+# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997
 
-# UK
+# Ukraine - year-round base
+# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954
+
+# United Kingdom
 #
 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 # South Orkney Islands
@@ -380,17 +361,9 @@ Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
 			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT
 #
 #
-# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
-			12:00	NZAQ	NZ%sT
+# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 #
-# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
-# larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
-#
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
 # stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
@@ -397,7 +370,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
-# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
+# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 Degrees South.)
 #
 # From Susan Smith
 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
@@ -411,4 +384,4 @@ Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 #
-Link	Antarctica/McMurdo	Antarctica/South_Pole
+# See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
Index: contrib/tzdata/asia
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/asia	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/asia	(working copy)
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-# @(#)asia	8.70
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
@@ -25,10 +24,14 @@
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+# .
+#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #	     std  dst
@@ -40,16 +43,17 @@
 #	4:00 GST	Gulf*
 #	5:30 IST	India
 #	7:00 ICT	Indochina*
-#	7:00 WIT	west Indonesia
-#	8:00 CIT	central Indonesia
+#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
 #	8:00 CST	China
-#	9:00 CJT	Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
-#	9:00 EIT	east Indonesia
+#	8:00 JWST	Western Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)*
+#	9:00 JCST	Central Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)
+#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
 #	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
 #	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea
-#	9:30 CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
+#	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
-# 
+#
 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 
 # Bahrain
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Manamah
 			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
 			3:00	-	AST
 
@@ -147,13 +151,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 #
 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
-# 
 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
-# 
 #
 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 # June
@@ -168,49 +167,36 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 #
 # Some sources:
-# 
 # http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
-# 
-# 
 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
-# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start 
-# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh 
-# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission). 
+# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
+# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
+# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
 #
 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
-# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009, 
-# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision. 
+# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
+# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
 #
 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
-# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make 
-# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would 
+# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
+# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 #
 # One of many places where it is published:
-# 
 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
@@ -217,13 +203,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 #
 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
-# 
-# and
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
-# 
 #
 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
@@ -232,14 +213,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
-# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time 
-# 
+# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -279,9 +255,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar   # Bandar
 			8:00	-	BNT
 
 # Burma / Myanmar
+
+# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880		# or Yangon
-			6:24:36	-	RMT	1920	   # Rangoon Mean Time?
+			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920	   # Rangoon Mean Time?
 			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May   # Burma Time
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 May 3
 			6:30	-	MMT		   # Myanmar Time
@@ -302,12 +281,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
-# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
-# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 #
 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
-# painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
+# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 #
 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
@@ -317,15 +296,16 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that China (except for Hong Kong and Macau)
-# has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1, observing summer DST
-# from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
-# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger for now.  I made up names for the other
-# pre-1980 time zones.
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
+# this doesn't seem to be correct.  They also write that China observed summer
+# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
+# go with them for DST rules as follows:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -339,7 +319,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
 # http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
@@ -350,64 +330,97 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
-# I just now checked Google News for western news sources that talk
-# about China's single time zone, and couldn't find anything before 1986
-# talking about China being in one time zone.  (That article was: Jim
-# Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
-# time--sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05.  By the way, this
-# article confirms the tz database's data claiming that China began
-# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 #
-# From Thomas S. Mullaney (2008-02-11):
-# I think you're combining two subjects that need to treated 
-# separately: daylight savings (which, you're correct, wasn't 
-# implemented until the 1980s) and the unified time zone centered near 
-# Beijing (which was implemented in 1949). Briefly, there was also a 
-# "Lhasa Time" in Tibet and "Urumqi Time" in Xinjiang. The first was 
-# ceased, and the second eventually recognized (again, in the 1980s).
+# (1)
+# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# There seems to be a good chance China switched to a single time zone in 1949
-# rather than in 1980 as Shanks & Pottenger have it, but we don't have a
-# reliable documentary source saying so yet, so for now we still go with
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+#     the official calendar book of 1914.
+#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+#     French docks in the 1890s, controled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+#     Obervatory and set to local mean time.
+#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+#     became used by railways as well.
+#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
+#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
+#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+#     Japanese-occupied territory.
+#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
+#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT+8.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what was apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT+8.5
+# Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
-Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928 # or Haerbin
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
-			8:00	-	CST	1940
-			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8
+# Asia/Shanghai
 # most of China
-Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:52	-	LMT	1928
-			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# This currently represents most other zones as well,
+# as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT+8 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) UT+7
+# Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
-Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chungking
-			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT+6
+# Asia/Urumqi
+# This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,
+# as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.
 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
-# east Xinjiang, including Urumqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
-Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
-			6:00	-	URUT	1980 May # Urumqi Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Kunlun Time
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT+5.5
+# Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)
 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
@@ -424,9 +437,9 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
 # hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
-# local governments such as the Urumqi city government use both times in
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
-# "Urumqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 #
 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
@@ -438,21 +451,6 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
-#
-# ...an example of an official website using of Urumqi time.
-#
-# The first few lines of the Google translation of
-# 
-# http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39
-# 
-# (retrieved 2009-10-13)
-# > Urumqi fire seven people are missing the alleged losses of at least
-# > 500 million yuan
-# >
-# > (Reporter Dong Liu) the day before 20:20 or so (Urumqi Time 18:20),
-# > Urumqi City Department of International Plaza Luther Qiantang River
-# > burst fire. As of yesterday, 18:30, Urumqi City Fire officers and men
-# > have worked continuously for 22 hours...
 
 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
@@ -463,7 +461,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # 3. Urumqi...
 # 4. Kashgar...
 # ...
-# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Urumqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 #
@@ -475,12 +473,61 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 
-Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
-			5:30	-	KAST	1940	 # Kashgar Time
-			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT+6) but
+# this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+#  (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dyansty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# XJT at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of UT+8 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to UT+8 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# UT+8 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+			6:00	-	XJT
 
 
+# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
+
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
+
 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
@@ -489,19 +536,15 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 # obtained from
-# 
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# .
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 # Here are the dates given at
-# 
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# 
 # as of 2009-10-28:
 # Year        Period
 # 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
-# 1942        Whole year 
+# 1942        Whole year
 # 1943        Whole year
 # 1944        Whole year
 # 1945        Whole year
@@ -547,7 +590,6 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
 
-# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Apr	1	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Sep	30	3:30	0	-
@@ -569,7 +611,7 @@ Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:36 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1941 Dec 25
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 15
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT
@@ -578,35 +620,113 @@ Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 
 # Taiwan
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
-# was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
-# have any other information.
-
 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
-# According to Taiwan's CWB,
-# 
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
-# 
 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2010-04-07):
-# Here's Google's translation of the table at the bottom of the "summert.htm" page:
-# Decade 	                                                    Name                      Start and end date
-# Republic of China 34 years to 40 years (AD 1945-1951 years) Summer Time               May 1 to September 30 
-# 41 years of the Republic of China (AD 1952)                 Daylight Saving Time      March 1 to October 31 
-# Republic of China 42 years to 43 years (AD 1953-1954 years) Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to October 31 
-# In the 44 years to 45 years (AD 1955-1956 years)            Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30 
-# Republic of China 46 years to 48 years (AD 1957-1959)       Summer Time               April 1 to September 30 
-# Republic of China 49 years to 50 years (AD 1960-1961)       Summer Time               June 1 to September 30 
-# Republic of China 51 years to 62 years (AD 1962-1973 years) Stop Summer Time 
-# Republic of China 63 years to 64 years (1974-1975 AD)       Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30 
-# Republic of China 65 years to 67 years (1976-1978 AD)       Stop Daylight Saving Time 
-# Republic of China 68 years (AD 1979)                        Daylight Saving Time      July 1 to September 30 
-# Republic of China since 69 years (AD 1980)                  Stop Daylight Saving Time
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
 
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
+# back to UTC+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# 
+#  (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# 
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+#   adption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT+9 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -614,11 +734,14 @@ Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	JWST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21 01:00
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
@@ -646,6 +769,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Cyprus
+#
+# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
@@ -684,7 +810,7 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
-# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
 # of integration into Europe.
 
 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
@@ -697,10 +823,11 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
 
+# Milne says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7; round to nearest.)
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:59:16	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:06 -	LMT	1880
+			2:59:06	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
 			3:00	-	TBIT	1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
 			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	TBIST	1991 Apr  9 # independence
@@ -716,10 +843,9 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 
 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
 
-# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
-# 
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
-#  (1999-12-26/31):
+#  (1999-12-26/31):
 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
@@ -729,9 +855,9 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
 
-# 
 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
-# (2000-08-16):
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
@@ -742,7 +868,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912
 			8:00	-	TLT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
 			9:00	-	TLT	1976 May  3
-			8:00	-	CIT	2000 Sep 17 00:00
+			8:00	-	WITA	2000 Sep 17 00:00
 			9:00	-	TLT
 
 # India
@@ -773,42 +899,59 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
-# Regimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Editions
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
 # from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
 # switched on 1945-09-23.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia,  (2006-09-29).
+# The abbreviations are:
+#
+# WIB  - UTC+7 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - UTC+8 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT  - UTC+9 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
 Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
 # but this must be a typo.
-			7:07:12	-	JMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
+			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
 			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov	 # Java Time
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Mar 23
+			7:30	-	WIB	1942 Mar 23
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:30	-	WIB	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIB	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIB	1964
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# west and central Borneo
 Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
 			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Jan 29
+			7:30	-	WIB	1942 Jan 29
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			8:00	-	CIT	1988 Jan  1
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:30	-	WIB	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIB	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIB	1964
+			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
 Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
 			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
-			8:00	-	CIT	1942 Feb  9
+			8:00	-	WITA	1942 Feb  9
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			8:00	-	CIT
+			8:00	-	WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
 Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
-			9:00	-	EIT	1944 Sep  1
-			9:30	-	CST	1964
-			9:00	-	EIT
+			9:00	-	WIT	1944 Sep  1
+			9:30	-	ACST	1964
+			9:00	-	WIT
 
 # Iran
 
@@ -873,7 +1016,7 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
 #
-# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Norgaard Welen:
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 # daylight saving time ...
 # http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
@@ -964,17 +1107,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
 # news sources (in Arabic):
-# 
 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
-# 
 #
 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -983,7 +1120,7 @@ Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
-# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
 #
 Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
@@ -1059,9 +1196,14 @@ Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	18	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
 
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
+
 # From Ephraim Silverberg
 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
 # and 2005-02-17):
@@ -1170,15 +1312,15 @@ Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
 #
 #	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-02-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
 #  (2005-02-20)
 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
-# to generate the transitions in this list.
+# to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
-# The spring transitions below all correspond to the following Rule:
+# The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
 #
-# Rule	Zion	2005	max	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
 #
 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
@@ -1195,42 +1337,24 @@ Rule	Zion	2009	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2012	2015	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2013	only	-	Sep	 8	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2014	only	-	Sep	28	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2015	only	-	Sep	20	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2016	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2016	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2017	2021	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2017	only	-	Sep	24	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2018	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2019	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2020	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2021	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2022	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2022	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2023	2032	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2023	only	-	Sep	24	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2024	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2025	only	-	Sep	28	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2026	only	-	Sep	20	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2027	only	-	Oct	10	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2028	only	-	Sep	24	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2029	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2030	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2031	only	-	Sep	21	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2032	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2033	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2033	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2034	2037	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2034	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2035	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2036	only	-	Sep	28	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2037	only	-	Sep	13	2:00	0	S
 
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
+# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
+# Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
+# in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
+# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
+#
+# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
+# in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
+Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
 			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918	# Jerusalem Mean Time?
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT
 
@@ -1240,12 +1364,12 @@ Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
 
 # Japan
 
-# `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
-# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
-# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
 
 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
 # :
@@ -1272,7 +1396,7 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
-# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
+# Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
@@ -1280,10 +1404,10 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
-# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
+# which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
-# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E....  But "western standard
 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
 # standard....
@@ -1291,27 +1415,33 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger claim JST in use since 1896, and that a few
-# places (e.g. Ishigaki) use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all
-# ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
-			9:00	-	JST	1896
-			9:00	-	CJT	1938
+			9:00	-	JST	1896 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
 			9:00	Japan	J%sT
 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
 
 # Jordan
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-07-01)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
 # all year round.
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-09-30)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
@@ -1329,27 +1459,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
 #
 
-# From Phil Pizzey (2009-04-02):
-# ...I think I may have spotted an error in the timezone data for
-# Jordan.
-# The current (2009d) asia file shows Jordan going to daylight
-# saving
-# time on the last Thursday in March.
-#
-# Rule  Jordan      2000  max	-  Mar   lastThu     0:00s 1:00  S
-#
-# However timeanddate.com, which I usually find reliable, shows Jordan
-# going to daylight saving time on the last Friday in March since 2002.
-# Please see
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=11
-# 
-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
-# 
 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
-# 
 #
 # Google's translation:
 #
@@ -1362,6 +1474,28 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
+# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
+# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
+# until about the same time next year (at least).
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1386,11 +1520,14 @@ Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Jordan	2002	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Jordan	2006	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
@@ -1415,9 +1552,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
 # - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
 
-# 
-# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
-# 
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11
+#  (2005-03-21):
 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
@@ -1531,11 +1667,19 @@ Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
 Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-01):
+# The following entries are from Shanks & Pottenger, except that I
+# guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1890
 			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
+			9:00	-	JCST	1928
 			8:30	-	KST	1932
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
 			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
 			8:00	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
 			8:30	-	KST	1968 Oct
@@ -1542,8 +1686,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1890
 			9:00	ROK	K%sT
 Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1890
 			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
+			9:00	-	JCST	1928
 			8:30	-	KST	1932
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
 			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
 			8:00	-	KST	1961 Aug 10
 			9:00	-	KST
@@ -1552,14 +1698,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1890
 
 # Kuwait
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# From the Arab Times (2007-03-14):
-# The Civil Service Commission (CSC) has approved a proposal forwarded
-# by MP Ahmad Baqer on implementing the daylight saving time (DST) in
-# Kuwait starting from April until the end of Sept this year, reports Al-Anba.
-# .
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
-# We don't know the details, or whether the approval means it'll happen,
-# so for now we assume no DST.
 Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
 			3:00	-	AST
 
@@ -1640,15 +1778,14 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # Mongolia
 
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
-# usno1995 and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World (2005-03)
-# both say that it has just one.
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
-# 
 # General Information Mongolia
-#  (1999-09)
+#  (1999-09)
 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
-# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
 # eight hours."
 
@@ -1659,7 +1796,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # of implementation may have been different....
 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
-# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
@@ -1673,10 +1810,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
 # there are three time zones.
 #
-# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
-# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
-#	Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
-# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
 #
 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
 
@@ -1693,7 +1830,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
-# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
@@ -1702,7 +1839,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
-# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
@@ -1718,12 +1855,8 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
 # database on this, e.g.:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
-# 
 #
 # both say GMT+08:00.
 
@@ -1730,17 +1863,15 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
 # schedule here:
-# 
 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
-# 
 # (click the English flag for English)
 #
-# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbatar arrive
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
-# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khvod takes 2 hours in the Eastern
-# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbatar and Khvod are
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
-# Ulaanbatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
@@ -1756,7 +1887,7 @@ Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
-# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sukhbaatar) took place
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
@@ -1793,8 +1924,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 			5:45	-	NPT	# Nepal Time
 
 # Oman
+
+# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
+Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
 
 # Pakistan
@@ -1807,7 +1941,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
-# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
@@ -1835,22 +1969,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
-# 
-# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time 
+#
+# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
-# 
-# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to help 
-# reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at 9pm and 
-# moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. 
+#
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to help
+# reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at 9pm and
+# moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months.
 # ...."
-# 
-# 
+#
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
@@ -1857,16 +1986,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
-# for another 2 months--plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
 # instead of August 31.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
@@ -1873,9 +1997,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
 # official working."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
-# 
 #
 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
@@ -1883,15 +2005,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
 # April 08, 2009
 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
-# 
-#
-# or
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
-# 
 #
 # ....
 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
@@ -1903,10 +2018,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
-# this regard." 
-# 
+# this regard."
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
@@ -1914,13 +2027,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # 1, 2009.
 #
 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
 # Alexander Krivenyshev wrote:
@@ -1929,9 +2037,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # > 1, 2009.
 #
 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
-# 
 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
 # Monday."
@@ -1943,11 +2049,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 #
 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
-# 
 
-# From Christoph Goehre (2009-10-01):
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
 
@@ -1963,14 +2067,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
 #
 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
-# 
 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
-# 
 #
 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:01	1:00	S
@@ -2041,8 +2141,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
-# to Palestine's rules.  If you have more info about this, please
-# send it to tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for incorporation into future editions.
+# to Palestine's rules.
 
 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
@@ -2053,10 +2152,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# Daoud Kuttab writes in
-# 
-# Holiday havoc
-#  (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# 
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
@@ -2069,7 +2167,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
-# earlier--the same goes for Jordan.
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
@@ -2088,7 +2186,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
 # because of the Ramadan.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
 
@@ -2105,16 +2203,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
 #
-# 
 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
@@ -2122,15 +2213,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
-# 
 #
-# or
 # (English translation)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
@@ -2137,9 +2223,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
 #
 # One news source:
-# 
 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
-# 
 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
@@ -2148,9 +2232,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
@@ -2160,13 +2242,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
@@ -2173,14 +2250,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
 #
-# 
 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
-# 
 # (in Arabic)
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
@@ -2187,9 +2259,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
 # noon though:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
-# 
 # (Ma'an News Agency)
 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
@@ -2196,15 +2266,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
 # According to several sources, including
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
-# 
-# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in 
+# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
 # Gaza and the West Bank.
 # Some more background info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
@@ -2212,13 +2278,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
 # Ramadan.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
-# 
 # Additional info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
@@ -2228,25 +2290,53 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
 # ...
-# 
 # http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
-# 
-# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
-# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30 
+# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
 # 00:00).
 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
 #
 # Many sources, including:
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
-# 
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
+# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
+# Some of many sources in Arabic:
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
+#
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-24):
+# For future dates, guess the last Thursday in March at 24:00 through
+# the first Friday on or after September 21 at 00:00.  This is consistent with
+# the predictions in today's editions of the following URLs,
+# which are for Gaza and Hebron respectively:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=702
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=2364
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -2259,18 +2349,22 @@ Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2006	2008	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=8	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Aug	lastFri	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSat	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2012	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2013	max	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-09-20):
-# 2011 transitions per http://www.timeanddate.com as of 2011-09-20.
-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
@@ -2277,9 +2371,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  2 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29 0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
+			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27 0:01
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2012
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
@@ -2286,22 +2384,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug
-			2:00 	1:00	EEST	2008 Sep
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  1 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Aug 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Sep 30 3:00
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 # Paracel Is
 # no information
 
 # Philippines
-# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
-# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
-# transcript of the decree in .
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# .
 # The rest of the data are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
@@ -2311,7 +2404,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 # .
 # For now, we'll ignore this, since it's not definite and we lack details.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
@@ -2338,8 +2431,29 @@ Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920	# Al Dawhah / D
 			3:00	-	AST
 
 # Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UTC+4, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1950
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
 			3:00	-	AST
 
 # Singapore
@@ -2361,22 +2475,27 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # no information
 
 # Sri Lanka
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
+# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
+# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
+# Shanks and Pottenger.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
-# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
+# (, 1996-05-24,
 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
-# reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
-# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
-# by Shamindra in
-# 
-# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
-# :
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+#  (1996-10-26):
 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
 #  (2006-04-13):
 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
@@ -2396,7 +2515,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
 # agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
 #
-# I recollect before the recent change the government annoucemments
+# I recollect before the recent change the government announcements
 # mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
 # Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
 #
@@ -2406,7 +2525,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # item....
 #
 # Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
-# adminsitrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
+# administrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
 # nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
 # known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
 # slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
@@ -2478,26 +2597,26 @@ Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
 Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-# From Jesper Norgard (2007-10-27):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
-# not take place 1.st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1.st November at 24:00 or
-# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sence than
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
-# 
+#
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen wrote:
-# 
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
+#
 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
-# 
+#
 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
-# 
+#
 # which using Google's translate tools says:
-# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on 
-# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th 
+# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
+# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
 Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 
@@ -2516,9 +2635,8 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
 # Agency (SANA)...
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
-# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
@@ -2525,7 +2643,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# My buest guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
@@ -2538,37 +2656,27 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
 # clocks back 60 minutes).
 #
-# 
 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
 # two examples:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
-# 
 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
-# 
 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
-# 
 # (Arabic, gov-site)
 #
 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
 #
 # Our summary
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
-# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will 
-# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday 
+# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
+# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
@@ -2579,14 +2687,26 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
-# 
 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
-# 
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
+# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
+#
+# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
+# Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
+
 Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Syria	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Syria	2010	max	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2010	2011	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2012	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	2009	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2633,7 +2753,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	SAM%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
 			5:00	-	UZT
-Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
@@ -2642,9 +2763,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 
 # Vietnam
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
+# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
+# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
+# and Pottenger.
+
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Min City";
-# we use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
 
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2655,6 +2782,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Yemen
+
+# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
+# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Aden	3:00:48	-	LMT	1950
+Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
 			3:00	-	AST
Index: contrib/tzdata/australasia
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/australasia	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/australasia	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)australasia	8.30
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -14,13 +12,13 @@
 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
@@ -28,26 +26,26 @@
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			 9:30	Aus	CST
+			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
 # Western Australia
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
-			 8:00	AW	WST
+			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
 Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:45	Aus	CWST	1943 Jul
-			 8:45	AW	CWST
+			 8:45	Aus	ACW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:45	AW	ACW%sT
 
 # Queensland
 #
@@ -63,42 +61,42 @@ Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
-			10:00	Holiday	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
+			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
 
 # South Australia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Tasmania
 #
@@ -107,106 +105,106 @@ Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Jul
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AV	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AV	AE%sT
 
 # New South Wales
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AN	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AN	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AN	CST	2000
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	D
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
-			10:30	LH	LHST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
+			10:30	LH	LH%sT
 
 # Australian miscellany
 #
@@ -219,9 +217,32 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # no times are set
 #
 # Macquarie
-# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
-# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
-# like Australia/Hobart
+# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
+# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
+# 
+# .
+# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
+# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
+# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
+# on 4 April.
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
+# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
+# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
+# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
+# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
+Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1899 Nov
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr 1 0:00s
+			0	-	zzz	1948 Mar 25
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr 4 3:00
+			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie I Standard Time
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -228,18 +249,7 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 
-# Cook Is
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
-			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
-			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
-
-# Cocos
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -246,26 +256,23 @@ Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 			6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
 
+
 # Fiji
+
+# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
+
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 #
 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
-# 
 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 # amendments:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
@@ -274,38 +281,27 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 #
 # Official source:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
-# 
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
-# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 
+# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
-# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 
+# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
-# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date 
+# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 #
-# 
-# www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # which says
-# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in 
-# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to 
+# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
+# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
 # 2am on February 26 next year.
 
 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
@@ -312,9 +308,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
 # states:
 #
 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
@@ -322,17 +316,37 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
 # on the  23rd of October, 2011.
 
+# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
+# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
+# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
+# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
+
+# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
+# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
+# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
+# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-01-10):
+# For now, guess that Fiji springs forward the Sunday before the fourth
+# Monday in October, and springs back the penultimate Sunday in January.
+# This is ad hoc, but matches recent practice.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Oct	24	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Oct	23	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Fiji	2012	only	-	Jan	22	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:53:40 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
+Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
 			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
 
 # French Polynesia
@@ -411,7 +425,7 @@ Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
+Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
 			11:00	NC	NC%sT
 
 
@@ -428,7 +442,8 @@ Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
-# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+# convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
+# so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
@@ -451,12 +466,14 @@ Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	CHAST	1946 Jan  1
 			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
 
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 
 # Auckland Is
-# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
@@ -465,6 +482,17 @@ Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
+# Cook Is
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
+			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
+			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
@@ -501,12 +529,11 @@ Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adams
 # American Samoa
 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
 			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
 			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
 
-# Samoa
+# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
@@ -517,21 +544,15 @@ Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
-# 
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
-# 
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 # Please see
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
-# ,
 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
@@ -538,98 +559,60 @@ Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
-# I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
-# 
-# www.mcil.gov.ws
-# 
+# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
 #
-# PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
-#
-# Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
-# businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
-# saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
-#
-# The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
-# the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
-# then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
-# adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
-#
-# Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
-# INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
+# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
+# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
+# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
+# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 
-# From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
+# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
-# 
-# 
+#
 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
-# 
 
-# From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
-# I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
-# Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
-# confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
-# than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
-# the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
-# changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
-#
-# International Date Line Bill 2011
-#
-# AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
-# consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
-# Line, and for related purposes.
-#
-# BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
-# assembled as follows:
-#
-# 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
-# International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
-# commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
-# Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
-#
-# [snip]
-#
-# 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
-# other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
-# time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
-#
-# 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
-# standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
-# Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
-# time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
-# instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
-# Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
-# Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
-# it defines Samoa standard time....
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
+# The International Date Line Act 2011
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
+# changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
+# accordingly.
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
-# 
 #
 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 #
 # DST
-# Year	End	Time	Start	Time
-# 2011	- - -	- - -	24 September	3:00am to 4:00am
-# 2012	01 April	4:00am to 3:00am	- - -	- - -
+# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
+# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
+# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
 #
 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 # Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
 # Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
 #
-# Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
-# Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
-# seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
-# a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
+# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
+# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
+# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
+# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	S
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	S
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	WST	2010 Sep 26
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Apr 2 4:00
-			-11:00	-	WST	2011 Sep 24 3:00
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Dec 30
-			 13:00	1:00	WSDT	2012 Apr 1 4:00
-			 13:00	-	WST
+			-11:30	-	WSST	1950
+			-11:00	WS	S%sT	2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
+			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
 
 # Solomon Is
 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
@@ -641,25 +624,25 @@ Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	#
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
-# December 31 this year, thereby changing its time zone from UTC-10 to
-# UTC+14. When I tried to verify this statement, I found a confirming
-# article in Time magazine online
-# 
-# (http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2103243,00.html).
-# 
+# December 31 this year ...
 #
-# From Jonathan Leffler (2011-12-29)
-# Information from the BBC to the same effect:
-# 
-# http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16351377
-# 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
+# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
+# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
+# Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
+# actually was to UTC-11 back then.
 #
-# Patch supplied by Tim Parenti (2011-12-29)
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
+# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
+# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
+# , page 65, says Tokelau
+# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
+# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
-			-10:00	-	TKT 2011 Dec 30	# Tokelau Time
-			14:00	-	TKT
+			-11:00	-	TKT 2011 Dec 30	# Tokelau Time
+			13:00	-	TKT
 
 # Tonga
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -686,7 +669,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
-# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
@@ -699,8 +682,32 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Johnston
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.
+#
+# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
+#  (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
+# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
+# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
+# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976
+# .
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
+#
+# See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
 
 # Kingman
 # uninhabited
@@ -756,9 +763,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
@@ -776,155 +783,182 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+# .
+#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
-#		std dst
-#		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#	  8:00	WST WST	Western Australia
-#	  8:45	CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
-#	  9:00	JST	Japan
-#	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
-#	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
-#	 10:00	ChST	Chamorro
-#	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
-#	 11:30	NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
-#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
-#	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
-#	-11:00	SST	Samoa
-#	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
-#	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
+#		std	dst
+#		LMT		Local Mean Time
+#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
+#	  8:45	ACWST	ACWDT	Central Western Australia*
+#	  9:00	JST		Japan
+#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
+#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
+#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
+#	 10:30	LHST	LHDT	Lord Howe*
+#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
+#	 12:15	CHAST		Chatham through 1945*
+#	 12:45	CHAST	CHADT	Chatham 1946-present*
+#	 13:00	WSST	WSDT	(western) Samoa 2011-present*
+#	-11:30	WSST		Western Samoa through 1950*
+#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
+#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
+#	- 8:00	PST		Pitcairn*
 #
-# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
-# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
+# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
+# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
+# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
+# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
+# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
+# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
+# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
+# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
+# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
+# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
+# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
+# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
-# 
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
-#  summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+# 
+# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
-# 
 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
-#  covers New South Wales in particular.
+# 
+# covers New South Wales in particular.
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
-# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
-# It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
-# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
+# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
+# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
+# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
-# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
+# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
 # time'.
 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
-# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
-# or `Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
+# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
+# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
-# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
+# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
-#	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
-#	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
-#	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
-
-# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
-# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
-# 
-# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
-# 
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
-# versus "AEST" etc.:
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 #
-# I see the following points of dispute:
+# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
+# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
+# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
+# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
+# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
+# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
+# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
+# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
+# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
+# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
+# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
+# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
 #
-# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
+#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
+#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
+#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
+#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
+#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
+#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
 #
-#   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
-#   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
-#   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
-#   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
-#   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
-#   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
-#   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
-#   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
 #
-#   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
-#   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
-#   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
-#   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
+# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
+# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
+# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
 #
-# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
+#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
 #
-#   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
-#   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
-#   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
-#   Time, for example.
+# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
+# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
+# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
+# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
+# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
+# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
+# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
 #
-#   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
-#   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
-#   tiebreaker.
+# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
+# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search 
+# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
+# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
+# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
+# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
+# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
+# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
+# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
+# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
+# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
+# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
+# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
+# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
 #
-# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
-#   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
-#   the word "Australian"?
+# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
 #
-#   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
-#   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
-#   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
-#   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
-#   following count of page hits:
+#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
+#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
+#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
-#     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
-#       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
+#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
+#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
 #
-#   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
-#   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
-#   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
-#   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
+#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
+#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
 #
-#   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
-#   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
-#   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
-#   are the hit counts anyway:
+#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
+#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
-#     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
-#      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
-#      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
-#      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
+#   http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
 #
-#      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
-#       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
-#         176 "ACST" and domain:au
-#          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
+#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
+#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
+#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
+#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
+#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
 #
-#       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
-#          68 "AWST" and domain:au
-#
-#   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
-#   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
-#   the ambiguities involved.
-#
-# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
-#
-#   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
-#   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
-#   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
-#   understood in Australia.
+# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
+# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
+# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
+# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
+# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
+# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
+# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
+# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
+# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
@@ -931,7 +965,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
-# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
+# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
@@ -941,17 +975,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # relevant entries in this database.
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
-# 
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
-# 
+# 
 # ACT
-# 
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
-# 
+# 
 # SA
-# 
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
-# 
+# 
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
@@ -969,7 +1000,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
 # allude to it.
 # But not Queensland
-# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
 
 # Northern Territory
 
@@ -1016,9 +1047,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
-# 
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
-#  (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# 
+# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
 # Queensland
@@ -1059,7 +1090,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
-# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
 # 
 
@@ -1223,7 +1254,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
 # who notes:
 #	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
-#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
+#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
 #	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
 #	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
@@ -1232,47 +1263,42 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
 # October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
-# 
 # Two months more daylight saving
-# 
-# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
+# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26)
+# ]
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
 # See the following official NSW source:
-# 
 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
-# 
+# 
 #
 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
 # daylight saving next year.  See:
-# 
 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+# 
+# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
 # Victoria will following NSW.  See:
-# 
-# Vic to extend daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-28).
+# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
+# 
 #
 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
-# 
-# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
-#  (1999-07-19).
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
+# 
 #
 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
-# 
 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
-#  (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
-# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# 
+# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
-# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
 #
 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
-# 
-# Broken Hill to be behind the times
-#  (1999-07-21).
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
+# 
 
 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
@@ -1288,7 +1314,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Yancowinna
 
 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
-# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
+# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
@@ -1340,26 +1366,22 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
-# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 
-# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 
+# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
+# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
 # summer (southern hemisphere).
-# 
+#
 # From
-# 
 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
-# 
-# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 
+# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
-# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 
+# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
-# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 
-# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 
+# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
+# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
-# 
+#
 # We have a wrap-up here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
-# 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
@@ -1368,7 +1390,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
-# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
+# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
@@ -1410,6 +1432,19 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26)
+# .
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
@@ -1427,26 +1462,22 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
 
-# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
-# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
-# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.  But correspondents say it
-# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
-# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
-# millenium.
+# From the BBC World Service in
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
+# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
+# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
+# of the new millennium.
 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
-# Johnston
 
-# Johnston data is from usno1995.
-
-
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
-# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
+# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
 
@@ -1461,8 +1492,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
-# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
-# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
+# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
@@ -1476,8 +1507,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Micronesia
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
-# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
-# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
@@ -1484,9 +1515,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
-# 
-# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
-#  (1999-01-26)
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
+# 
 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
 
@@ -1532,26 +1562,33 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
-# Samoa
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
-# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
-# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
-# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
+# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
+# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
+# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
 
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
+# in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
-# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
-# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
+# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
 
 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
-# 
-# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
-# :
+# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins'
+# :
 
 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
@@ -1560,8 +1597,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
-# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
-# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
 #
 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
@@ -1577,7 +1614,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
-# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
@@ -1587,9 +1624,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
 #
 # I was given this link by John Letts:
-# 
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
-# 
 #
 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
@@ -1597,9 +1632,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
-# According to 
-# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
-# :
+# According to :
 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
@@ -1617,7 +1650,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
-# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+# (Original URL was )
 
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
@@ -1637,7 +1670,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 #
-# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ...  The time was all the
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
@@ -1682,7 +1715,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
-# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight.  These zones were
+# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
 
Index: contrib/tzdata/backward
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/backward	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/backward	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)backward	8.11
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -7,7 +5,7 @@
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
 Link	Africa/Asmara		Africa/Asmera
-Link	Africa/Bamako		Africa/Timbuktu
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
@@ -23,15 +21,20 @@ Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisvill
 Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
 Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
-Link	America/St_Thomas	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
 Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
-Link	Asia/Chongqing		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking
 Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
 Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
-Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
 Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
+Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
 Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
-Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
 Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
 Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
 Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
@@ -89,10 +92,10 @@ Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	America/Denver		Navajo
 Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
+Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
 Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
 Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
-Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
-Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
 Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
 Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
 Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
Index: contrib/tzdata/etcetera
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/etcetera	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/etcetera	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)etcetera	8.3
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -15,7 +13,7 @@ Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
 Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
 
 # The following link uses older naming conventions,
-# but it belongs here, not in the file `backward',
+# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
 # as functions like gmtime load the "UTC" file to handle leap seconds properly.
 # We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
 Link	Etc/UTC				UTC
@@ -32,9 +30,9 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 # even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
 # POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
 # positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
-# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UTC
+# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
 # (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
-# mean 4 hours ahead of UTC (i.e. east of Greenwich).
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).
 #
 # In the draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x, the angle bracket notation allows for
 # TZ='+4'; if you want time zone abbreviations conforming to
Index: contrib/tzdata/europe
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/europe	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/europe	(working copy)
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-# 
-# @(#)europe	8.41
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
@@ -18,6 +16,9 @@
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
 #
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
@@ -27,17 +28,23 @@
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
-#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
-#	
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	.  He writes:
+#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
+#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
+#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
+#
+#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
 #	History of Summer Time
-#	 (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+#	
+#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #                   std dst  2dst
@@ -53,10 +60,8 @@
 #        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
 #        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
 #        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
-#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
-#
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#        3:00       FET           Further-eastern Europe*
+#        3:00       MSK MSD  MSM* Moscow
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
@@ -91,7 +96,7 @@
 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 # of the text said:
 #
-# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
+# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
@@ -100,7 +105,7 @@
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
@@ -132,10 +137,24 @@
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
-# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
-# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
@@ -146,7 +165,7 @@
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
-# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
@@ -155,18 +174,16 @@
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
-#	-- 
+#	
 #	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
-#	
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
-# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
-#
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
@@ -203,9 +220,9 @@
 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
-# so we use `BDST'.
+# so we use 'BDST'.
 
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
@@ -212,22 +229,15 @@
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
-# 
 # History of legal time in Britain
-# 
-# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
-# exists, and the article can now be found at:
-# 
 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
-# 
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# 
-# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
-# .
+# 
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
@@ -267,8 +277,8 @@
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
-# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
-# various relating to legal time, for example:
+# Irish laws are available online at .
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
@@ -426,6 +436,8 @@ Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
+#
+# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s
@@ -465,10 +477,9 @@ Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
-# 
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
-# 
+# 
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
@@ -491,11 +502,11 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
-# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
@@ -518,7 +529,7 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
-# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
+# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 # CET and MET:
 #
 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
@@ -551,11 +562,11 @@ Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Mosco
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	MSM # Midsummer
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -575,16 +586,12 @@ Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
-# 
-# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian): 
-# 
+#
+# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
-# 
-# 
+#
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# 
 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
@@ -604,10 +611,10 @@ Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
-# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
@@ -667,6 +674,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 
 # Austria
 
+# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
@@ -684,7 +693,7 @@ Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
@@ -699,18 +708,9 @@ Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
-# 1.
-# 
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
-# 
-# 2.
-# 
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# 
-# 3.
-# 
 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
-# 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			3:00	-	FET
 
 # Belgium
 #
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
-#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
@@ -790,14 +790,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
-# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
-# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -818,10 +818,10 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Cyprus
-# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
+# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
 # Czech Republic
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -838,10 +838,11 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
@@ -851,7 +852,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequenet decrees with the law
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
@@ -866,7 +867,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
@@ -894,7 +895,7 @@ Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Tórshavn
 			 0:00	-	WET	1981
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 #
@@ -906,11 +907,11 @@ Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
-# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 #  (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
@@ -945,9 +946,9 @@ Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
-# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 #
-# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
@@ -954,7 +955,7 @@ Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
-# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
@@ -963,8 +964,8 @@ Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
-# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
-# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
@@ -1001,25 +1002,24 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pi
 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
-# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
-# summer time next spring.''
+# summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
-# 
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
-# 
+# 
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
-# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
-# From The Baltic Times (1999-09-09)
+# From The Baltic Times  (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pi
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
-# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
 
-# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
+# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
 #
 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
@@ -1071,35 +1071,45 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
-#
-# 
 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
-# 
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
-#
-# 
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
-# 
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
+# round to nearest.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
+			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
-# Aaland Is
+# Åland Is
 Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
@@ -1107,18 +1117,18 @@ Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
-# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
-# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
-# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
-# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
 
 
 #
-# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
@@ -1155,16 +1165,16 @@ Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
-# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
-# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
-# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
-# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
-# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
@@ -1202,15 +1212,13 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
 
-# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# 
-# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
+# 
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
-# 
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
-# 
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
@@ -1240,6 +1248,21 @@ Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
+# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
+# Büsingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
+# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
+# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
+# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
+#
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
+# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
+# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
+
 # Georgia
 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
@@ -1288,15 +1311,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1312,7 +1340,7 @@ Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1390,10 +1418,9 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
 # F. Pollastri
-# 
 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
-# 
-# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
+# 
+# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
 #
 # year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
@@ -1500,13 +1527,13 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
-# 
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
-# 29-Feb-2000 (#79), in Latvian for subscribers only).
+# 29-Feb-2000 (#79) ,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
-# 
-# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
-# 
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# 
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
@@ -1521,13 +1548,16 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Milne says Riga time was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
+Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:28	-	LMT	1880
+			1:36:28	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
+			1:36:28	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
+			1:36:28	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
+			1:36:28	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
+			1:36:28	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
@@ -1539,11 +1569,23 @@ Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
-			1:00	-	CET	1981
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
+# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
+# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
+# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
+#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
+#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
+#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
+#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
+#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
+
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+
+
 # Lithuania
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
@@ -1554,7 +1596,7 @@ Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
-# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) ,
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
@@ -1563,9 +1605,9 @@ Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
-# From the 
-# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
-#  (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+#  (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
@@ -1630,7 +1672,7 @@ Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Malta
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1659,7 +1701,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
-# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
@@ -1668,13 +1710,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
-# 
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
-# 
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
@@ -1688,13 +1725,11 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
-# decision to abolish DST this winter. 
+# decision to abolish DST this winter.
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
-# 
 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
-# 
 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1723,7 +1758,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Montenegro
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Netherlands
 
@@ -1825,20 +1860,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
+#  and
+# ).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# ) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
 #
 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
@@ -1847,9 +1882,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 #  says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
-# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
@@ -1862,12 +1897,15 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
 #
-# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
-# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
-# war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
+# for these regions.
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+#  pp 1-2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1878,9 +1916,9 @@ Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
-# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
 # 
-# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
@@ -2017,8 +2055,8 @@ Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funch
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
-# 
-# Nine O'clock (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# Nine O'clock 
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
@@ -2042,8 +2080,81 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
+
 # Russia
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
+# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
+# (Government document
+# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
+# in Russian)
+# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
+# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
+# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
+
+# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
+# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
+# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
+# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
+# changed in September 2011:
+#
+# One source is
+# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
+# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
+# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
+# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
+# does not contain any "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
+# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
+#
+# The Wikipedia article refers to
+# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
+# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
+#
+# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
+# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
+#
+# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
+#
+# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
@@ -2058,7 +2169,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
-# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
@@ -2070,9 +2181,9 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
-# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
-# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
@@ -2083,51 +2194,166 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
-#
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-#
-# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39	RU-KGD 	Kaliningrad Oblast
+
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			 3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01	RU-AD 	Adygea, Republic of
+# 05	RU-DA 	Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06	RU-IN 	Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07	RU-KB 	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08	RU-KL 	Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09	RU-KC 	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10	RU-KR 	Karelia, Republic of
+# 11	RU-KO 	Komi Republic
+# 12	RU-ME 	Mari El Republic
+# 13	RU-MO 	Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15	RU-SE 	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16	RU-TA 	Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20	RU-CE 	Chechen Republic
+# 21	RU-CU 	Chuvash Republic
+# 23	RU-KDA 	Krasnodar Krai
+# 26 	RU-STA 	Stavropol Krai
+# 29	RU-ARK 	Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31	RU-BEL 	Belgorod Oblast
+# 32	RU-BRY 	Bryansk Oblast
+# 33	RU-VLA 	Vladimir Oblast
+# 35	RU-VLG 	Vologda Oblast
+# 36	RU-VOR 	Voronezh Oblast
+# 37	RU-IVA 	Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40	RU-KLU 	Kaluga Oblast
+# 44	RU-KOS 	Kostroma Oblast
+# 46	RU-KRS 	Kursk Oblast
+# 47	RU-LEN 	Leningrad Oblast
+# 48	RU-LIP 	Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50	RU-MOS 	Moscow Oblast
+# 51	RU-MUR 	Murmansk Oblast
+# 52	RU-NIZ 	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53	RU-NGR 	Novgorod Oblast
+# 57	RU-ORL 	Oryol Oblast
+# 58	RU-PNZ 	Penza Oblast
+# 60	RU-PSK 	Pskov Oblast
+# 61	RU-ROS 	Rostov Oblast
+# 62	RU-RYA 	Ryazan Oblast
+# 67	RU-SMO 	Smolensk Oblast
+# 68	RU-TAM 	Tambov Oblast
+# 69	RU-TVE 	Tver Oblast
+# 71	RU-TUL 	Tula Oblast
+# 73	RU-ULY 	Ulyanovsk Oblast
+# 76	RU-YAR 	Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77	RU-MOW 	Moscow
+# 78	RU-SPE 	Saint Petersburg
+# 83	RU-NEN 	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz E.L. New Counting of Time in Russia
+# since July 1, 1919, p. 18.)  The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia
+# was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
-# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
-# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
-# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
-# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
-# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
-# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
-# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
-# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
-# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
-# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
-# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
-# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
-# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
-# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
-# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
-# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
-# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
-Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
-			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	MSK
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers...
+# **	****	Crimea, Republic of
+# **	****	Sevastopol
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 #
-# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
-# Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
-# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
-# others?  But we have no data.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
+# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
+# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30 2:00
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers...
+# 30	RU-AST 	Astrakhan Oblast
+# 34	RU-VGG 	Volgograd Oblast
+# 43	RU-KIR 	Kirov Oblast
+# 64	RU-SAR 	Saratov Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
+# Perhaps it switched after the others?  But we have no data.
+
 Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
 			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
@@ -2135,48 +2361,77 @@ Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
 			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18	RU-UD 	Udmurt Republic
+# 63	RU-SAM 	Samara Oblast
+
 Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
 			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
 			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
-			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
 			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
 			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 4:00	-	SAMT
 
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02	RU-BA 	Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90	RU-PER 	Perm Krai
+# 45	RU-KGN 	Kurgan Oblast
+# 56	RU-ORE 	Orenburg Oblast
+# 66	RU-SVE 	Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72	RU-TYU 	Tyumen Oblast
+# 74	RU-CHE 	Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86	RU-KHM 	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89	RU-YAN 	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
-# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
-# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
-# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg time was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
 			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
 			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	YEKT	# Yekaterinburg Time
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
+			 6:00	-	YEKT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 5:00	-	YEKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 04	RU-AL 	Altai Republic
+# 22	RU-ALT 	Altai Krai
+# 55	RU-OMS 	Omsk Oblast
+
 Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
-			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
+			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	OMST
-#
+			 7:00	-	OMST	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 6:00	-	OMST
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
+# 54	RU-NVS 	Novosibirsk Oblast
+# 70	RU-TOM 	Tomsk Oblast
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
-# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
+
 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
@@ -2183,8 +2438,14 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT
+			 7:00	-	NOVT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 6:00	-	NOVT
 
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42	RU-KEM 	Kemerovo Oblast
+
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
 # March 28, 2010:
@@ -2196,14 +2457,10 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
-# 
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
-# 
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
-# 
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
@@ -2211,104 +2468,288 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6
 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
 
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	NMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
+			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk T
+			 7:00	-	NOVT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 7:00	-	KRAT	# Krasnoyarsk Time
 
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17	RU-TY 	Tuva Republic
+# 19	RU-KK 	Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24	RU-KYA 	Krasnoyarsk Krai
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
-# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
+
 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 8:00	-	KRAT
+			 8:00	-	KRAT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 7:00	-	KRAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03	RU-BU 	Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38	RU-IRK 	Irkutsk Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
-# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne says Irkutsk time was 6:57:15.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:15 -	LMT	1880
+			 6:57:15 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
 			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 9:00	-	IRKT
+			 9:00	-	IRKT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 8:00	-	IRKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92	RU-ZAB 	Zabaykalsky Krai
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
-# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
-# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
+Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 8:00	-	IRKT
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
-# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
-# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
-# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
-# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
-# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
 
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28	RU-AMU 	Amur Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
+# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
+# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
+# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
+# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11	****	Gorny District
+# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
+# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14	****	Lensky District
+# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
+# 14-18	****	Namsky District
+# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
+# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
+# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
+# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
+
 Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 10:00	-	YAKT
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25	RU-PRI 	Primorsky Krai
+# 27	RU-KHA 	Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79	RU-YEV 	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
-# Ust'-Yanskij.
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+# Milne says Vladivostok time was 8:47:33.5; round to nearest.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:34 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
 			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	VLAT
-#
-# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
-# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			10:00	-	VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
+# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
+# in 2011.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
+# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
+# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
+# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
+
+Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65	RU-SAK 	Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
-			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
+			 9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
 			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
 			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
 			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	SAKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
+			11:00	-	SAKT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			10:00	-	SAKT
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
-# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49	RU-MAG 	Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	MAGT
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			10:00	-	MAGT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
+# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17	****	Momsky District
+# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
 #
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+#
+# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
+# as the abbreviation.  Use SRET instead.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			11:00	-	SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
+# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
+
+Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+			10:00	-	VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91	RU-KAM 	Kamchatka Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
 			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
@@ -2316,8 +2757,12 @@ Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			12:00	-	PETT
-#
-# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87	RU-CHU 	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
 			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
@@ -2327,6 +2772,10 @@ Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			12:00	-	ANAT
 
+
+# San Marino
+# See Europe/Rome.
+
 # Serbia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
@@ -2334,9 +2783,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 May 8 2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
@@ -2349,7 +2798,7 @@ Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Spain
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -2427,7 +2876,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
-# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
@@ -2438,7 +2887,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
@@ -2446,7 +2895,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
@@ -2456,7 +2905,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish):  (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sok-button).
+# the Sök-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
@@ -2481,9 +2930,9 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
-# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
+# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
@@ -2497,7 +2946,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
-# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
@@ -2516,7 +2965,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
-# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
@@ -2528,23 +2977,53 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
-# most users of tzdata:
-# The zone file
-# Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
-#                          0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
-#                          1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
-#                          1:00    EU      CE%sT
+# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
-# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
+# The Federal regulations say
+# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
+# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
 
+# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
+#  ...
+# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
+# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
+# hour before the beginning of service.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
+# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
+#
+# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
+# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
+#
+#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
+#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
+#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
+#
+# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
+# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
+# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
+# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
+# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
+# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
+# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
+# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
+# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
-			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
+			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -2552,7 +3031,7 @@ Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 
 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
-# ... The latest rules are available at -
+# ... The latest rules are available at:
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
@@ -2577,20 +3056,30 @@ Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
-# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
-# 
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
-# 
 # Turkish:
-# 
 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
-# 
 
+# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
+# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
+# Turkish Local election....
+# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
+# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -2658,14 +3147,16 @@ Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28 1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30 1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31 1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 #
-# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
-# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
@@ -2678,20 +3169,14 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is i
 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
-# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
-# 
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
-# 
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
-# 
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
-# 
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
@@ -2699,21 +3184,42 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is i
 # time this year after all.
 #
 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
-# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone 
+# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
 # to Russia) was reverted today:
-#
-# 
 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
-# 
 #
 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
 # The law documents themselves are at
-#
-# 
 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
-# 
 
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
+#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
+#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
+#
+# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
+# "summer time" was still in action):
+#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
+#
+# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
+#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+#
+# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
+#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
+# This is an answer.
+#
+# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
+#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
+#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
@@ -2724,13 +3230,12 @@ Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1 2:00
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 3:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	-	CET	1940
@@ -2756,32 +3261,10 @@ Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
-Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
-			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
-# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
-# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
-			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
-			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
-# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
-			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
+# Vatican City
+# See Europe/Rome.
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
@@ -2809,7 +3292,7 @@ Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
-# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
Index: contrib/tzdata/factory
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/factory	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/factory	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)factory	8.2
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
Index: contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list	(revision 0)
+++ contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list	(working copy)
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+#
+#	In the following text, the symbol '#' introduces
+#	a comment, which continues from that symbol until
+#	the end of the line. A plain comment line has a
+#	whitespace character following the comment indicator.
+#	There are also special comment lines defined below.
+#	A special comment will always have a non-whitespace
+#	character in column 2.
+#
+#	A blank line should be ignored.
+#
+#	The following table shows the corrections that must
+#	be applied to compute International Atomic Time (TAI)
+#	from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) values that
+#	are transmitted by almost all time services.
+#
+#	The first column shows an epoch as a number of seconds
+#	since 1 January 1900, 00:00:00 (1900.0 is also used to
+#	indicate the same epoch.) Both of these time stamp formats
+#	ignore the complexities of the time scales that were
+#	used before the current definition of UTC at the start
+#	of 1972. (See note 3 below.)
+#	The second column shows the number of seconds that
+#	must be added to UTC to compute TAI for any timestamp
+#	at or after that epoch. The value on each line is
+#	valid from the indicated initial instant until the
+#	epoch given on the next one or indefinitely into the
+#	future if there is no next line.
+#	(The comment on each line shows the representation of
+#	the corresponding initial epoch in the usual
+#	day-month-year format. The epoch always begins at
+#	00:00:00 UTC on the indicated day. See Note 5 below.)
+#
+#	Important notes:
+#
+#	1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is often referred to
+#	as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The GMT time scale is no
+#	longer used, and the use of GMT to designate UTC is
+#	discouraged.
+#
+#	2. The UTC time scale is realized by many national
+#	laboratories and timing centers. Each laboratory
+#	identifies its realization with its name: Thus
+#	UTC(NIST), UTC(USNO), etc. The differences among
+#	these different realizations are typically on the
+#	order of a few nanoseconds (i.e., 0.000 000 00x s)
+#	and can be ignored for many purposes. These differences
+#	are tabulated in Circular T, which is published monthly
+#	by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
+#	(BIPM). See www.bipm.fr for more information.
+#
+#	3. The current definition of the relationship between UTC
+#	and TAI dates from 1 January 1972. A number of different
+#	time scales were in use before that epoch, and it can be
+#	quite difficult to compute precise timestamps and time
+#	intervals in those "prehistoric" days. For more information,
+#	consult:
+#
+#		The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
+#		Ephemeris.
+#	or
+#		Terry Quinn, "The BIPM and the Accurate Measurement
+#		of Time," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 894-905,
+#		July, 1991.
+#
+#	4. The decision to insert a leap second into UTC is currently
+#	the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation and
+#	Reference Systems Service. (The name was changed from the
+#	International Earth Rotation Service, but the acronym IERS
+#	is still used.)
+#
+#	Leap seconds are announced by the IERS in its Bulletin C.
+#
+#	See www.iers.org for more details.
+#
+#	Every national laboratory and timing center uses the
+#	data from the BIPM and the IERS to construct UTC(lab),
+#	their local realization of UTC.
+#
+#	Although the definition also includes the possibility
+#	of dropping seconds ("negative" leap seconds), this has
+#	never been done and is unlikely to be necessary in the
+#	foreseeable future.
+#
+#	5. If your system keeps time as the number of seconds since
+#	some epoch (e.g., NTP timestamps), then the algorithm for
+#	assigning a UTC time stamp to an event that happens during a positive
+#	leap second is not well defined. The official name of that leap
+#	second is 23:59:60, but there is no way of representing that time
+#	in these systems.
+#	Many systems of this type effectively stop the system clock for
+#	one second during the leap second and use a time that is equivalent
+#	to 23:59:59 UTC twice. For these systems, the corresponding TAI
+#	timestamp would be obtained by advancing to the next entry in the
+#	following table when the time equivalent to 23:59:59 UTC
+#	is used for the second time. Thus the leap second which
+#	occurred on 30 June 1972 at 23:59:59 UTC would have TAI
+#	timestamps computed as follows:
+#
+#	...
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785599,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600)		TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	If your system realizes the leap second by repeating 00:00:00 UTC twice
+#	(this is possible but not usual), then the advance to the next entry
+#	in the table must occur the second time that a time equivalent to
+#	00:00:00 UTC is used. Thus, using the same example as above:
+#
+#	...
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599):		TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785600, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	in both cases the use of timestamps based on TAI produces a smooth
+#	time scale with no discontinuity in the time interval. However,
+#	although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct in both
+#	methods, the second method is technically not correct because it adds
+#	the extra second to the wrong day.
+#
+#	This complexity would not be needed for negative leap seconds (if they
+#	are ever used). The UTC time would skip 23:59:59 and advance from
+#	23:59:58 to 00:00:00 in that case. The TAI offset would decrease by
+#	1 second at the same instant. This is a much easier situation to deal
+#	with, since the difficulty of unambiguously representing the epoch
+#	during the leap second does not arise.
+#
+#	Questions or comments to:
+#		Judah Levine
+#		Time and Frequency Division
+#		NIST
+#		Boulder, Colorado
+#		Judah.Levine@nist.gov
+#
+#	Last Update of leap second values:   11 January 2012
+#
+#	The following line shows this last update date in NTP timestamp
+#	format. This is the date on which the most recent change to
+#	the leap second data was added to the file. This line can
+#	be identified by the unique pair of characters in the first two
+#	columns as shown below.
+#
+#$	 3535228800
+#
+#	The NTP timestamps are in units of seconds since the NTP epoch,
+#	which is 1 January 1900, 00:00:00. The Modified Julian Day number
+#	corresponding to the NTP time stamp, X, can be computed as
+#
+#	X/86400 + 15020
+#
+#	where the first term converts seconds to days and the second
+#	term adds the MJD corresponding to the time origin defined above.
+#	The integer portion of the result is the integer MJD for that
+#	day, and any remainder is the time of day, expressed as the
+#	fraction of the day since 0 hours UTC. The conversion from day
+#	fraction to seconds or to hours, minutes, and seconds may involve
+#	rounding or truncation, depending on the method used in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#	The data in this file will be updated periodically as new leap
+#	seconds are announced. In addition to being entered on the line
+#	above, the update time (in NTP format) will be added to the basic
+#	file name leap-seconds to form the name leap-seconds..
+#	In addition, the generic name leap-seconds.list will always point to
+#	the most recent version of the file.
+#
+#	This update procedure will be performed only when a new leap second
+#	is announced.
+#
+#	The following entry specifies the expiration date of the data
+#	in this file in units of seconds since the origin at the instant
+#	1 January 1900, 00:00:00. This expiration date will be changed
+#	at least twice per year whether or not a new leap second is
+#	announced. These semi-annual changes will be made no later
+#	than 1 June and 1 December of each year to indicate what
+#	action (if any) is to be taken on 30 June and 31 December,
+#	respectively. (These are the customary effective dates for new
+#	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
+#	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
+#	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
+#	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
+#	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
+#	announced or at least one month before the effective date
+#	(whichever is later).
+#	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
+#	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
+#	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
+#	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
+#	will not change.
+#
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C48
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2015
+#
+#@	3644438400
+#
+2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
+2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
+2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
+2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
+2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
+2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
+2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
+2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
+2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
+2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
+2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
+2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
+2634854400	22	# 1 Jul 1983
+2698012800	23	# 1 Jul 1985
+2776982400	24	# 1 Jan 1988
+2840140800	25	# 1 Jan 1990
+2871676800	26	# 1 Jan 1991
+2918937600	27	# 1 Jul 1992
+2950473600	28	# 1 Jul 1993
+2982009600	29	# 1 Jul 1994
+3029443200	30	# 1 Jan 1996
+3076704000	31	# 1 Jul 1997
+3124137600	32	# 1 Jan 1999
+3345062400	33	# 1 Jan 2006
+3439756800	34	# 1 Jan 2009
+3550089600	35	# 1 Jul 2012
+#
+#	the following special comment contains the
+#	hash value of the data in this file computed
+#	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
+#	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
+#	the details of how this hash value is
+#	computed. Note that the hash computation
+#	ignores comments and whitespace characters
+#	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
+#	of both the last modification time and the
+#	expiration time of the file, but not the
+#	white space on those lines.
+#	the hash line is also ignored in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#h	a4862ccd c6f43c6 964f3604 85944a26 b5cfad4e
Index: contrib/tzdata/leapseconds
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/leapseconds	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/leapseconds	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # 
-# @(#)leapseconds	8.13
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -78,8 +77,8 @@ Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 #
 #
 # A positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 2012.
-# The sequence of dates of the UTC second markers will be:		
-# 		
+# The sequence of dates of the UTC second markers will be:
+#
 #                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 59s
 #                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 60s
 #                          2012 July  1,      0h  0m  0s
@@ -96,6 +95,6 @@ Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 #
 #
 # Daniel GAMBIS
-# Head		
+# Head
 # Earth Orientation Center of IERS
 # Observatoire de Paris, France
Index: contrib/tzdata/northamerica
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/northamerica	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/northamerica	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)northamerica	8.52
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -7,7 +5,7 @@
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@
 # Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
 # Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
 # Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
-# His pamphlet ``A System of National Time for Railroads'' (1870)
+# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
 # was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
 # in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
 # but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
@@ -41,8 +39,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
-# in his whimsical essay ``An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
-# of Light'' published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
+# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
 # Not everyone is happy with the results:
 #
 #	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
@@ -56,13 +54,13 @@
 #	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
 #	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
 #
-#	-- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
+#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
 #	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
 #
 # For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
-# Robert Garland's 
-# Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
-# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927)
+# .
 #
 # Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
 # However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
@@ -82,10 +80,10 @@
 # Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
 # In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
 # An AltaVista search turned up
-# :
+# :
 # "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
 # Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
-#  (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
 
 # From Joseph Gallant citing
 # George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
@@ -168,8 +166,8 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 #    of the Aleutian islands.   No DST.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# The tables below use `NST', not `NT', for Nome Standard Time.
-# I invented `CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
+# The tables below use 'NST', not 'NT', for Nome Standard Time.
+# I invented 'CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
 
 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 # USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
@@ -183,7 +181,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
 # USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
 # USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
-# USA  - " -         9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
 # USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
 # USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY
 
@@ -236,19 +234,19 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
 #
 # H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
-#   (a) Amendment- Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
+#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
 #   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
-#     (1) by striking `first Sunday of April' and inserting `second
-#     Sunday of March'; and
-#     (2) by striking `last Sunday of October' and inserting `first
+#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
+#     Sunday of March"; and
+#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
 #     Sunday of November'.
-#   (b) Effective Date- Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
+#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
 #   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
-#   (c) Report to Congress- Not later than 9 months after the effective
+#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
 #   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
 #   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
 #   States.
-#   (d) Right to Revert- Congress retains the right to revert the
+#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
 #   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
 #   Department study is complete.
 
@@ -350,18 +348,15 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT
 # ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
 # mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
 # daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
-# 
 # http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
-# 
 
 # From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
 # ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
 # it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
 # largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
-# at 4715'51" north, 10146'40" west, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
+# at 47 degrees 15' 51" N, 101 degrees 46' 40" W, which yields an offset
+# of 6h47'07".
 
 Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7 2:00
@@ -392,9 +387,10 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:
 # US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
 #
 # California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
-# Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties,
-# and the northern three-quarters of Idaho county),
-# most of Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
+# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
+# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern 3/4 of
+# Malheur county), and Washington
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -425,15 +421,18 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 1
 # was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
 # were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
 # it's best to simply use the official transition.
-#
 
-# From Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31):
-# The author lives in Alaska and many of the references listed are only
-# available to Alaskan residents.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
+# One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
+# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
+# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
+# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
+# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
 #
-# 
-# http://www.alaskahistoricalsociety.org/index.cfm?section=discover%20alaska&page=Glimpses%20of%20the%20Past&viewpost=2&ContentId=98
-# 
+# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
+# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
+# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
 # Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
@@ -459,12 +458,10 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 1
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
 # I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
 # Community office (using contact information available at
-# 
 # http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
-# ).
 # It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
 # the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
-# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no--they were on their
+# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
 # own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
 # did not inquire about practices in the past.
 
@@ -479,7 +476,7 @@ Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27 2:00
-			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26 2:00	
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26 2:00
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
@@ -497,7 +494,7 @@ Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 1
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
-			 -8:00	-	MeST
+			 -8:00	-	PST
 Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
@@ -560,9 +557,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
 # of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
 # the article is available at
-# 
 # http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
-# 
 # and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
 # 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
 # saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
@@ -601,6 +596,8 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13
 			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
 			-10:00	-	HST
 
+Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
+
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
 
 # Arizona mostly uses MST.
@@ -608,9 +605,9 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
 #
 # The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
-# 
-# Daylight Saving Time web page (2002-01-23) maintained by the
-# Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Daylight Saving Time web page
+#  (2002-01-23)
+# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
 # Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
 # time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
 # personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
@@ -637,9 +634,10 @@ Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11
 # Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
 # large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
 # tribal nations don't use DST.)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
+# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.
 
-Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
-
 # Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
 # Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
 # Custer, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gem, Gooding, Jefferson, Jerome,
@@ -658,9 +656,8 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:1
 # Indiana
 #
 # For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
-# 
-# What time is it in Indiana?
-#  (2006-03-01)
+# What time is it in Indiana? (2006-03-01)
+# 
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
@@ -667,7 +664,7 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:1
 # with the following exceptions:
 #
 # - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
-#   Vandenburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
+#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
 #
 # - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
 #
@@ -678,30 +675,27 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:1
 #   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
 #
 # Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
-# and wrote ``Even newspaper reports present contradictory information.''
+# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
 # Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
 # Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
 #
 # Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
-# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the `America' level.
-# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory `America/Indiana'.
+# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
+# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
 # http://www.mccsc.edu/time.html says that Indiana will use DST starting 2006.
 
-# From Nathan Stratton Treadway (2006-03-30):
-# http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot0406.htm [3705 B]
-# From Deborah Goldsmith (2006-01-18):
-# http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf95/382329_web.pdf [2.9 MB]
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-01-20):
-# It says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
+# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
+# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
 # Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
 # Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
-# this rule is 2:OO a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
+# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
 # changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
-# Strictly speaking, this means the affected counties will change their
-# clocks twice that night, but this obviously is in error.  The intent
-# is that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
+# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
+# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
+# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
 # The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
@@ -873,10 +867,9 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	18
 #
 # Wayne County, Kentucky
 #
-# From
-# 
-# Lake Cumberland LIFE
-#  (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# 
+# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
 # Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
 # the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
 # the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
@@ -893,9 +886,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	18
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
 # The final rule was published in the
-# 
-# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), page 50154-50158.
-# 
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
+# 
 #
 Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
@@ -920,9 +912,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	18
 # See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
 # West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
 # 1999-10-31.  See the
-# 
-# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), page 56705-56707.
-# 
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
+# 
 # However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
 # on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
 # hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
@@ -948,8 +939,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	18
 # This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
-# Garland (1927) writes ``Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
-# one hour in 1914.''  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
 # info, so omit this for now.
 #
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
@@ -989,7 +980,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18
 # occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
 # US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
 # currently uninhabited
-# see Mark Fineman, ``An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord'',
+# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
 # _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
 # Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
 
@@ -1016,19 +1007,22 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Greenland.
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	.
+#
+# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
 
 # Canada
 
-# From Alain LaBont (1994-11-14):
+# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
 # I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
 # for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
 #
-#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight savings time
+#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
 #	offset	French	English	French	English
 #	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
 #	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
@@ -1041,7 +1035,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18
 #	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
 #
 #	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
-#	HA: Heure Avance	DT: Daylight saving Time
+#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
 #
 #	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
 #	C: du Centre		Central
@@ -1105,15 +1099,15 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
 # H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
-# 
 # "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
-#  contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# 
+# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
 # time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
 #
-# INMS, the Institute for National Measurement Standards in Ottawa, has 
+# INMS, the Institute for National Measurement Standards in Ottawa, has
 # information about standard and daylight saving time zones in Canada.
-#  (updated periodically).
+# 
+# (updated periodically).
 # Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
@@ -1122,9 +1116,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18
 
 # From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
 # In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
 # The quote includes these two statements:
 # 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
@@ -1192,9 +1184,7 @@ Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
 # now occurs at 2:00AM.
 # ...
-# 
 # http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
-# 
 # ...
 # MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
 # Office of the Chief Information Officer
@@ -1221,7 +1211,7 @@ Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
 
 # most of east Labrador
 
-# The name `Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use `Goose Bay'.
+# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
@@ -1338,22 +1328,23 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 
 # Quebec
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Quebec has been
-# like Montreal.
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-30):
+# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto.
+# However, because earlier versions of the tz database mistakenly relied on data
+# from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec differed from Ontario after 1970,
+# a separate entry was created for most of Quebec.  We're loath to lose
+# its pre-1970 info, even though the tz database is normally limited to
+# zones that differ after 1970, so keep this otherwise out-of-scope entry.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
 # Matthews and Vincent (1998) also write that Quebec east of the -63
 # meridian is supposed to observe AST, but residents as far east as
 # Natashquan use EST/EDT, and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
-# In "Official time in Quebec" the Quebec department of justice writes in
-# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-regl-1-a.htm
-# that "The residents of the Municipality of the
-# Cote-Nord-du-Golfe-Saint-Laurent and the municipalities of Saint-Augustin,
-# Bonne-Esperance and Blanc-Sablon apply the Official Time Act as it is
-# written and use Atlantic standard time all year round. The same applies to
-# the residents of the Native facilities along the lower North Shore."
-# 
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-minganie-a.htm
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
 # says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
 # For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
 # Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
@@ -1400,7 +1391,6 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 
-
 # Ontario
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
@@ -1418,7 +1408,7 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
 # 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
 # hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
-# only two weeks -- I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
 # presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
 # earlier in June).
 #
@@ -1428,10 +1418,8 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
 # says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
 # but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
-# He also writes that the
-# 
-# Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
-# 
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# 
 # says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
 # Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
 # concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
@@ -1510,9 +1498,7 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
 # volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
 # was available at
-# 
 # http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
-# 
 #
 # It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
 #
@@ -1530,19 +1516,19 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # Quebec		In the following places:
 # 			Montreal	Lachine
 # 			Quebec		Mont-Royal
-# 			Levis		Iberville
-# 			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madeleine
+# 			Lévis		Iberville
+# 			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
 # 			Verdun		Loretteville
 # 			Westmount	Richmond
-# 			Outremont	St. Jerome
+# 			Outremont	St. Jérôme
 # 			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
 # 			Arvida		Waterloo
 # 			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
 # 			Melbourne	La Tuque
-# 			St. Theophile	Buckingham
+# 			St. Théophile	Buckingham
 # Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
 # 			the southerly part of the province. Not
-# 			used in the northwesterlhy part.
+# 			used in the northwesterly part.
 # Manitoba		Not used.
 # Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
 # Alberta		Not used.
@@ -1619,7 +1605,7 @@ Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	-	CST	1910
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
@@ -1646,7 +1632,7 @@ Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 # the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
 # Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
 # following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
-# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had =
+# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
 # been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
 # Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
 # the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
@@ -1824,9 +1810,7 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
 # keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
 # manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
 # i.e. Creston has been stuck on UTC-7 for 93 years.
 # Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
@@ -1837,14 +1821,12 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing the
 # article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the subject
 # of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
-# 
 # http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
-# 
 
 # Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
 # 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date unknown
-# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8) 
+# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
 # Exact date in October unknown;  Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
 # 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
@@ -1858,9 +1840,7 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
 # (UTC-7) forever.
 # The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
-# 
 # http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
-# 
 
 # During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
 # In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
@@ -1914,9 +1894,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
 # Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
-# 
 # Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
-# 
+# 
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
 # We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
@@ -1923,9 +1902,9 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# 
 # Basic Facts: The New Territory
-#  (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
+# 
+# (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
 # and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
 # Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
 
@@ -1953,8 +1932,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # the current state of affairs.
 
 # From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
-# 
-# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19)
+# :
 # Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
 # central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
 # for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
@@ -1972,10 +1951,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
 # required to use daylight savings.
 
-# From
-# 
-# Nunavut now has two time zones
-#  (2000-11-10):
+# From 
+# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
 # The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
 # Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
 # one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
@@ -2066,9 +2043,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
 # businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
 # Aziz:
-# 
 # http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
-# 
 #
 # I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
 # Eastern Standard Time.
@@ -2158,9 +2133,8 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
 # The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
 # Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
-# 
 # history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
-# .
+# .
 #
 # Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
 # (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
@@ -2205,9 +2179,8 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
 # For an English translation of the decree, see
-# 
-# ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04).
-# 
+# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04)
+# .
 
 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
 # The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
@@ -2219,7 +2192,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
 # Arizona year round.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard, translating
+# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
 #  (2001-01-17):
 # In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
 # Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
@@ -2240,23 +2213,22 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
 # story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
 # http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
-# ... Mexico City Mayor Lopez Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
 # Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
-# the rest of the country..." In particular, Lopez Obrador would abolish
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
 # observation of Daylight Saving Time.
 
-# 
 # Official statute published by the Energy Department
-#  (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
-# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Norgaard (2001-02-03).
+# 
+# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
 #
-# 
+# 
 # James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
-# 
 # * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
-# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador decreed that
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
 #   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
 # * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
 # * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
@@ -2264,7 +2236,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 #
 # For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2001-04-01):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
 # I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
 # saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
 # that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
@@ -2273,7 +2245,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
 # Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
 # September 30, 2001.
-# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
 # Palabra  (2001-03-31)
 
 # From Reuters (2001-09-04):
@@ -2285,7 +2257,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
 # subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
 # ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
 # that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
 # http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
@@ -2299,48 +2271,36 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # > the United States.
 # Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
 # 2010, some border regions will be the same:
-# 
 # http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
-# 
 # (Spanish)
 #
 # Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
-# 
 # (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
 #
 # There is also a list of the votes here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
 # The page
-# 
 # http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
-# 
 # includes this text:
 # En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
-# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
-# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
-# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
-# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
+# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
+# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
+# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
+# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
 # horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 # En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
-# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
-# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
-# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
-# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
-# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
+# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
+# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
+# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
+# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
+# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
 # las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -2359,23 +2319,23 @@ Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Quintana Roo
+# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
 Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:12:56
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Campeche, Yucatan
+# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
 Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:01:32
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
 Zone America/Matamoros	-6:40:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:20:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
+# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
 Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
@@ -2427,36 +2387,26 @@ Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31
 			-7:00	-	MST
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
-# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
+# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
 # changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
 # share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
 #
 # (Spanish)
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
-# país, a partir de este domingo
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
+# país, a partir de este domingo
 # http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
-# 
 #
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
-# País
-# 
-# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50"
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
+# País
+# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
 #
 # (English)
-# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
-# 
+# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
 # http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
-# 
-#
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
-# 
 #
 # "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
-# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
+# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
 # zone ..."
 # Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 
@@ -2463,6 +2413,7 @@ Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
 # Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
 
+# Mazatlán
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2474,6 +2425,7 @@ Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 2
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 
+# Bahía de Banderas
 Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2530,7 +2482,7 @@ Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan
 # America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
 # through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
 # Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
-# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
 # Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
 # DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
 # data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
@@ -2543,9 +2495,7 @@ Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Anguilla
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Antigua and Barbuda
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2555,6 +2505,8 @@ Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 
 # Bahamas
 #
+# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
+#
 # From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
 # The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
 # rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
@@ -2564,11 +2516,14 @@ Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:24 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:30 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 			-5:00	Bahamas	E%sT	1976
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
 # Barbados
+
+# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2; round that.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Barb	1977	only	-	Jun	12	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
@@ -2576,8 +2531,8 @@ Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:28 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
-			-3:58:28 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
+			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
 
 # Belize
@@ -2595,6 +2550,9 @@ Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
 
 # Bermuda
 
+# For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
+# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I; round that.
+
 # From Dan Jones, reporting in The Royal Gazette (2006-06-26):
 
 # Next year, however, clocks in the US will go forward on the second Sunday
@@ -2604,18 +2562,21 @@ Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
 # http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:04 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
 			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
-			-4:00	Bahamas	A%sT	1976
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
 			-4:00	US	A%sT
 
 # Cayman Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Costa Rica
+
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
@@ -2624,10 +2585,10 @@ Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
-# There are too many San Joses elsewhere, so we'll use `Costa Rica'.
+# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
-			-5:36:20 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San Jose Mean Time
+Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San José
+			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
 			-6:00	CR	C%sT
 # Coco
 # no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
@@ -2634,6 +2595,11 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 
 # Cuba
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne gives -5:28:50.45 for the observatory at Havana, -5:29:23.57
+# for the port, and -5:30 for meteorological observations.
+# For now, stick with Shanks & Pottenger.
+
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-03-29):
 # The 1999-03-28 exhibition baseball game held in Havana, Cuba, between
 # the Cuban National Team and the Baltimore Orioles was carried live on
@@ -2641,10 +2607,15 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
 # "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
 # Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
-# sleep on 1999-03-28--when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
-# to DST--and one more hour on 1999-04-04--when the announcers will have
+# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
 # returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
+# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
+# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html
+
 # From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
 # Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -2659,43 +2630,42 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
 # http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
 # An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
 # the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
 # http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
 # "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
-# watches should be set back one hour -- going back to 00:00 hours -- returning
+# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
 # to the normal schedule....
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
-# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html, dated yesterday,
+# , dated yesterday,
 # says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
 # For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
 # except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-25):
-# Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz informed me that Cuba will end DST one week 
+# Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz informed me that Cuba will end DST one week
 # earlier - on the last Sunday of October, just like in 2006.
-# 
+#
 # He supplied these references:
-# 
+#
 # http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID=%7B4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF%7D&language=ES
 # http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
-# 
-# From Alex Kryvenishev (2007-10-25):
+#
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
 # Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
-# 
-# [Regira] el Horario Normal desde el [proximo] domingo 28 de octubre
+#
+# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
-# 
+#
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
 # I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
 # Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
-# , a Cuban information station, and heard
+# a Cuban information station, and heard
 # the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
 # indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.
 
@@ -2702,14 +2672,10 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
 # It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
 # It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
-# 
 #
 # Some more background information is posted here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
-# 
 #
 # The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
 # while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
@@ -2719,18 +2685,14 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # change some historic records as well.
 #
 # One example:
-# 
 # http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm
-# 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
 # The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
 # web site, the Granma.  Please check out
-# 
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
-# 
 #
-# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsens information, the change
+# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
 # will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
@@ -2741,18 +2703,14 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
 # not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
 # (in Spanish)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
 # I listened over the Internet to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
-# 
 # this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
-# the time was announced as "diez cinco"--the same time as here, indicating
+# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
 # that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
@@ -2761,29 +2719,38 @@ Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
 # changed at all).
 #
 # Source:
-# 
 # http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
-# 
 #
 # Our info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
-# 
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
-# Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back 
+# Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
 # tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
 #
 # One source (Spanish)
-# 
 # http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
-# 
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
+# According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
+# 31 and April 1.
+#
+# Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
+#
+# Our info on it:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
+# Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
+# to standard time on 2012-11-04:
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/36-nacionales/9961-regira-horario-normal-en-cuba-desde-el-domingo-cuatro-de-noviembre
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-03):
+# For now, assume the future rule is first Sunday in November.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	0	S
@@ -2813,7 +2780,8 @@ Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	2000	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
@@ -2820,8 +2788,9 @@ Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2009	2010	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Nov	13	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2012	only	-	Apr	1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
@@ -2829,9 +2798,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
 
 # Dominica
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Dominican Republic
 
@@ -2880,24 +2847,16 @@ Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921		# Sa
 			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
 
 # Grenada
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# St George's
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Guadeloupe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun 8	# Pointe a Pitre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-# St Barthelemy
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/St_Barthelemy
+# St Barthélemy
 # St Martin (French part)
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Guatemala
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
 # Diario Co Latino, at
-# http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079,
+# ,
 # says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
 # decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
 # impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
@@ -2922,11 +2881,10 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 
 # Haiti
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
-# Risto O. Nykanen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
-# I searched for confirmation, and I found a
-#  press release
+# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
+# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
 # on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
-# .  Translated from French, it says:
+# .  Translated from French, it says:
 #
 #  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
 #   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
@@ -2955,7 +2913,27 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 # From Stephen Colebourne (2007-02-22):
 # Some IATA info: Haiti won't be having DST in 2007.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-11):
+# According to several news sources, Haiti will observe DST this year,
+# apparently using the same start and end date as USA/Canada.
+# So this means they have already changed their time.
+#
+# http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article12510
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/home/?p=13253
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-11):
+# The alterpresse.org source seems to show a US-style leap from 2:00 a.m. to
+# 3:00 a.m. rather than the traditional Haitian jump at midnight.
+# Assume a US-style fall back as well.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-10):
+# It appears that Haiti is observing DST this year as well, same rules
+# as US/Canada.  They did it last year as well, and it looks like they
+# are going to observe DST every year now...
+#
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
+# http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2966,6 +2944,8 @@ Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
@@ -2981,7 +2961,7 @@ Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 #  that Manuel Zelaya, the president
 # of Honduras, refused to back down on this.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
 # It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
 # 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html
@@ -3012,17 +2992,12 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
 
 # Jamaica
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# Follows US rules.
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# JAMAICA             5 H  BEHIND UTC
-
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
+# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
+# island".  Go with Milne.  Round to the nearest second as required by zic.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:11 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
@@ -3036,12 +3011,7 @@ Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Montserrat
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
-# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Nicaragua
 #
@@ -3066,25 +3036,25 @@ Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890
 # http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
 # and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish):  "The last
 # time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
-# during the Arnoldo Aleman administration."...
+# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
 # The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
 # since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
 # changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
 # the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
 # Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
 # (2005-09-26)
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
 # http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
 # (my informal translation)
-# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolanos, Nicaragua
+# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
 # advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
-# morning, and will stay that way until 30.th. of september.
+# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
 # My informal translation runs:
 # The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
@@ -3111,11 +3081,11 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 # Panama
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colon Mean Time
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colón Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Puerto Rico
-# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use `Puerto_Rico'.
+# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00    # San Juan
 			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
@@ -3123,18 +3093,11 @@ Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 2
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # St Kitts-Nevis
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2	# Basseterre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # St Lucia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
-			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
-# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use `Miquelon'.
+# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
@@ -3142,10 +3105,7 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	#
 			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
 
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
-			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Turks and Caicos
 #
@@ -3175,15 +3135,14 @@ Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	TC	E%sT
 
 # British Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Road Town
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# Virgin Is
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
-# Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Charlotte Amalie
-			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
Index: contrib/tzdata/pacificnew
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/pacificnew	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/pacificnew	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)pacificnew	8.2
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
Index: contrib/tzdata/southamerica
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/southamerica	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/southamerica	(working copy)
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-# 
-# @(#)southamerica	8.53
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
@@ -12,6 +10,10 @@
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+# .
+#
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
@@ -27,17 +29,17 @@
 #	I suggest the use of _Summer time_ instead of the more cumbersome
 #	_daylight-saving time_.  _Summer time_ seems to be in general use
 #	in Europe and South America.
-#	-- E O Cutler, _New York Times_ (1937-02-14), quoted in
+#	-- E O Cutler, _New York Times_ (1937-02-14), quoted in
 #	H L Mencken, _The American Language: Supplement I_ (1960), p 466
 #
 # Earlier editions of these tables also used the North American style
 # for time zones in Brazil, but this was incorrect, as Brazilians say
-# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a Sao Paulo businessman active in
+# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a São Paulo businessman active in
 # the railroad sector, writes (1999-07-06):
 #	The subject of time zones is currently a matter of discussion/debate in
-#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasilia time" is considered the
-#	"official time" because Brasilia is the capital city.
-#	The other three time zones are called "Brasilia time "minus one" or
+#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasília time" is considered the
+#	"official time" because Brasília is the capital city.
+#	The other three time zones are called "Brasília time "minus one" or
 #	"plus one" or "plus two".  As far as I know there is no such
 #	name/designation as "Eastern Time" or "Central Time".
 # So I invented the following (English-language) abbreviations for now.
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #		std	dst
 #	-2:00	FNT	FNST	Fernando de Noronha
-#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasilia
+#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasília
 #	-4:00	AMT	AMST	Amazon
 #	-5:00	ACT	ACST	Acre
 
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@
 # Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
 # Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.
 
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-199):
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
 # ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC
 
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
 # obtaining the data from the:
-# Talleres de Hidrografia Naval Argentina
+# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
 # (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
 Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -114,13 +116,13 @@ Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
-# We just checked with our Sao Paulo office and they say the government of
+# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
 # Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
 # So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
 #
-# From Fabian L. Arce Jofre (2000-04-04):
+# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
 # The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
-# de la Rua on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
 # in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
@@ -153,15 +155,13 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
 # March, although exact rules are not given.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
 # The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
-# the lower chamber too (Deputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
+# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
 # By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
 # the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
 # clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
-# 
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
-# 
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
 # For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
@@ -171,13 +171,8 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
 # Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)
-# 
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2008-10-06):
 # Here is some info available at a Gentoo bug related to TZ on Argentina's DST:
@@ -186,53 +181,42 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # Hi, there is a problem with timezone-data-2008e and maybe with
 # timezone-data-2008f
 # Argentinian law [Number] 25.155 is no longer valid.
-# 
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
-# 
 # The new one is law [Number] 26.350
-# 
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
-# 
 # So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
 # Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST in Argentina
 # From 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15
-# 
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer 2008/2009:
-# Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La Pampa, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz
-# and Tierra del Fuego
-# 
+
+# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
+# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
+# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
 # Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the Province of Jujuy saying
 # it will not apply DST either (even when it was not included in Decree 1705/2008)
-# 
 # http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc
-# 
 
 # From fullinet (2009-10-18):
 # As announced in
-# 
 # http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
-# 
 # (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora" (english: "No hour change")
 #
-# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvio no modificar la hora
-# oficial, decision que estaba en estudio para su implementacion el
-# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificacion se anuncio
-# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorologicas, no necesita
-# la modificacion del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
-# crecimiento en la produccion y distribucion energetica."
+# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
+# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
+# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
+# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
+# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
+# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
 
 Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
- 
+
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
 # Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
 # its timezone this winter... starting tomorrow night....
@@ -242,9 +226,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # now we'll assume it's for this year only.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# 
 # Hora de verano para la Republica Argentina (2003-06-08)
-#  says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# 
+# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
 # to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
 # over Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
@@ -259,10 +243,10 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # time in October 17th.
 #
 # Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
-# Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman.
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
-# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucuman decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
 # yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
 # annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
 #
@@ -297,34 +281,25 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
 # as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
 #
-# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del pais
+# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
 # (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
 # country)
-# 
 # http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
-# 
 #
 # Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
 # (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
-# 
-# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/vernotae.asp?id_nota=253414
-# 
-#
-# 
+# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
-# 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
 # The page of the San Luis provincial government
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
-# 
 # confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
 # emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
 # time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
-# confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza 
-# refused to follow San Luis in this change. 
-# 
+# confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
+# refused to follow San Luis in this change.
+#
 # The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21.st at 0:00
 # hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
 # a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
@@ -331,15 +306,13 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
 # 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
 # Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
 # time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
 # important pages of 2008."
 #
 # You can use
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
-# 
 # instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
 # government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
 # from which the first one is identical to the above.
@@ -373,30 +346,15 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
 #
 # The press release is at
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
-# 
-# (I couldn't find the decree, but
-# 
-# www.sanluis.gov.ar
-# 
-# is the official page for the Province Government).
+# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
+# is the official page for the Province Government.)
 #
-# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers (La Nacin) at
-# 
+# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
-# 
-# 
-# The press release says:
-#  (...) anunci que el prximo domingo a las 00:00 los puntanos debern
-# atrasar una hora sus relojes.
 #
-# A partir de entonces, San Luis establecer el huso horario propio de
-# la Provincia. De esta manera, durante el periodo del calendario anual
-# 2009, el cambio horario quedar comprendido entre las 00:00 del tercer
-# domingo de marzo y las 24:00 del segundo sbado de octubre.
-# Quick&dirty translation
-# (...) announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
+# The press release says [quick and dirty translation]:
+# ... announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
 # inhabitants) will have to turn back one hour their clocks
 #
 # Since then, San Luis will establish its own Province timezone. Thus,
@@ -407,9 +365,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
 #
 # The Law at
-# 
 # is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
 # October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
 # complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
@@ -440,17 +396,13 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
 # According to news reports from El Diario de la Republica Province San
 # Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
-# after April 11, 2010--will continue to have same time as rest of
+# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
 # Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
 #
-# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
-# 
+# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
 # http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
-# 
 # or (some English translation):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html
-# 
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
 # yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
@@ -458,11 +410,25 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
 # stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-05):
+# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at UTC-4
+# with perpetual summer time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# just say it's at UTC-3; see, for example,
+# .
+# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
+# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
+# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
+# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
+# setting for time stamps past 2038.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.  Round to the nearest second.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
 Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Córdoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
@@ -469,7 +435,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
 #
-# Cordoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Rios (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
+# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
 # Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
@@ -489,7 +455,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
 #
-# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquen (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
 Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
@@ -501,7 +467,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 O
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
-# Tucuman (TM)
+# Tucumán (TM)
 Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
@@ -592,7 +558,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894
 # San Luis (SL)
 
 Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	SanLuis	2007	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
 
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
@@ -608,11 +574,12 @@ Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	189
 			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
 			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Jan 21
-			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT
+			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT	2009 Oct 11
+			-3:00	-	ART
 #
 # Santa Cruz (SC)
 Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Córdoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
@@ -622,9 +589,9 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
-# Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (TF)
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
 Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Córdoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
@@ -635,10 +602,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894
 			-3:00	-	ART
 
 # Aruba
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Oranjestad
-			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
 
 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -658,13 +622,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
 # _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
-# Santa Catarina (SC), Parana (PR), Sao Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goias (GO),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
 # Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
 # [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
-# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goias until 1989), and other
+# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
 # sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
 # always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
 # The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
@@ -678,16 +642,14 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
 # Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
 # airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
-# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapa (AP), Ceara (CE),
-# Maranhao (MA), Paraiba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piaui (PI), and Rio Grande do
-# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Para (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
+# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
+# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
+# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
 
 # From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
-# 
-# Brazilian official page
-# 
+# Brazilian official page 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2000-11-03):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
 # [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
@@ -720,13 +682,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
 # ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
-# Oficial da Uniao"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
+# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
 # effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
 #
 # a) The timezone UTC+5 is e[x]tinguished, with all the Acre state and the
 # part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
 # timezone UTC+4
-# b) The whole Para state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
+# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
 # part of it, as was before.
 #
 # This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
@@ -739,13 +701,11 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
 # Just correcting the URL:
-# 
 # https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
-# 
 #
 # As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
 # timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
-# be created to represent the...west side of the Para State. I
+# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
 # suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
 # important/populated city in the affected area.
 #
@@ -754,19 +714,16 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
 # This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
-# 
 #
-# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones-eliminating time zone UTC- 05
-# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT- 04) - western
-# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC- 03 (from UTC -04).
+# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
+# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
+# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
 # The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
-# 
-# Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
-# .
+# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil
+# .
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
 # As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
@@ -778,44 +735,31 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 #
 # An official page about it:
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
-# 
 # Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
 # by going to
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/first
-# 
 #
 # One example link that works directly:
-# 
 # http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
 # (Portuguese)
-# 
 #
 # We have a written a short article about it as well:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
-# 
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
 # State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
-# The announcement was made by Governor Jaques Wagner in an interview to a 
-# television station in Salvador. 
+# The announcement was made by Governor Jaques Wagner in an interview to a
+# television station in Salvador.
 
 # In Portuguese:
-# 
 # http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
-#  and
-# 
 # http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
-# 
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
 # There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
-# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brando at
-# http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
-# oficial agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
+# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
+# official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
 # still in force.
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-14)
@@ -826,48 +770,70 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 #
 # DECRETO No- 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
 # Link :
-# 
 # http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6
-# 
 
+# From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
+# The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
+# due to public pressure, he is reversing the DST policy they implemented
+# last year and will not be going to Summer Time on October 21st....
+# http://www.correio24horas.com.br/r/artigo/apos-pressoes-wagner-suspende-horario-de-verao-na-bahia
 
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
+# Tocantins state will have DST.
+# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
+# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
+# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
+# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
+# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
+# will change as well.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
+# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Decree 20,466 (1931-10-01)
-# Decree 21,896 (1932-01-10)
+# Decree 20,466  (1931-10-01)
+# Decree 21,896  (1932-01-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 23,195 (1933-10-10)
+# Decree 23,195  (1933-10-10)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 27,496 (1949-11-24)
-# Decree 27,998 (1950-04-13)
+# Decree 27,496  (1949-11-24)
+# Decree 27,998  (1950-04-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 32,308 (1953-02-24)
+# Decree 32,308  (1953-02-24)
 Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 34,724 (1953-11-30)
+# Decree 34,724  (1953-11-30)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 52,700 (1963-10-18)
+# Decree 52,700  (1963-10-18)
 # established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
 # in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
-# Decree 53,071 (1963-12-03)
+# Decree 53,071  (1963-12-03)
 # extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
 Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 53,604 (1964-02-25)
+# Decree 53,604  (1964-02-25)
 # extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 55,639 (1965-01-27)
+# Decree 55,639  (1965-01-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 57,303 (1965-11-22)
+# Decree 57,303  (1965-11-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 57,843 (1966-02-18)
+# Decree 57,843  (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 63,429 (1968-10-15)
+# Decree 63,429  (1968-10-15)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 91,698 (1985-09-27)
+# Decree 91,698  (1985-09-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
 # Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
@@ -875,42 +841,42 @@ Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 94,922 (1987-09-22)
+# Decree 94,922  (1987-09-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 96,676 (1988-09-12)
+# Decree 96,676  (1988-09-12)
 # except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 98,077 (1989-08-21)
+# Decree 98,077  (1989-08-21)
 # with the same exceptions
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 99,530 (1990-09-17)
+# Decree 99,530  (1990-09-17)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
 # Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1991-09-25)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1991-09-25)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1992-10-16)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1992-10-16)
 # adopted by same states.
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 942 (1993-09-28)
+# Decree 942  (1993-09-28)
 # adopted by same states, plus AM.
-# Decree 1,252 (1994-09-22;
+# Decree 1,252  (1994-09-22;
 # web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
-# Decree 1,636 (1995-09-14)
+# Decree 1,636  (1995-09-14)
 # adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
-# Decree 1,674 (1995-10-13)
+# Decree 1,674  (1995-10-13)
 # adds AL, SE.
 Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,000 (1996-09-04)
+# Decree 2,000  (1996-09-04)
 # adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
@@ -923,53 +889,51 @@ Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 #
 # Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 2,495
+# Decree 2,495 
 # (1998-02-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,780 (1998-09-11)
+# Decree 2,780  (1998-09-11)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,150
+# Decree 3,150 
 # (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
-# Decree 3,188 (1999-09-30)
+# Decree 3,188  (1999-09-30)
 # adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,592 (2000-09-06)
+# Decree 3,592  (2000-09-06)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-# Decree 3,630 (2000-10-13)
+# Decree 3,630  (2000-10-13)
 # repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
-# Decree 3,632 (2000-10-17)
+# Decree 3,632  (2000-10-17)
 # repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
-# Decree 3,916
+# Decree 3,916 
 # (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
 Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-# 4,399
+# 4,399 
 Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
-# 4,844
+# 4,844 
 Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
-# 5,223
+# 5,223 
 Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,539 (2005-09-19),
+# Decree 5,539  (2005-09-19),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,920 (2006-10-03),
+# Decree 5,920  (2006-10-03),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 6,212 (2007-09-26),
+# Decree 6,212  (2007-09-26),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
 # From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
-# Acording to this decree
-# 
+# According to this decree
 # http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
-# 
 # [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
 # 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
 # the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
@@ -1004,29 +968,29 @@ Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
 			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2002 Oct  1
 			-2:00	-	FNT
 # Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
-# These include Trindade and Martin Vaz (administratively part of ES),
-# Atol das Rocas (RN), and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo (PE).
+# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
 # Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
 # it also included the Penedos.
 #
-# Amapa (AP), east Para (PA)
-# East Para includes Belem, Maraba, Serra Norte, and Sao Felix do Xingu.
-# The division between east and west Para is the river Xingu.
+# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
+# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
 # In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
-# the border with Amapa) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
 Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# west Para (PA)
-# West Para includes Altamira, Oribidos, Prainha, Oriximina, and Santarem.
+# west Pará (PA)
+# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
 Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-4:00	-	AMT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
 			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# Maranhao (MA), Piaui (PI), Ceara (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
-# Paraiba (PB)
+# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraíba (PB)
 Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
@@ -1049,6 +1013,8 @@ Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Sep 14
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2013 Sep
 			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
 # Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
@@ -1068,10 +1034,11 @@ Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
 Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
 			-3:00	-	BRT	2011 Oct 16
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# Goias (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR),
+# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
 # Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
 Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23 00:00
@@ -1088,7 +1055,7 @@ Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	-	AMT	2004 Oct  1
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
 #
-# Rondonia (RO)
+# Rondônia (RO)
 Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-4:00	-	AMT
@@ -1100,7 +1067,7 @@ Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2000 Oct 15
 			-4:00	-	AMT
 #
-# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutai, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
 # The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
 # east from west Amazonas.
 Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
@@ -1110,19 +1077,21 @@ Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	-	AMT
 #
 # west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
-#	Eirunepe, Envira, Ipixuna
+#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
 Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
 			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-5:00	-	ACT	1993 Sep 28
 			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1994 Sep 22
 			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	ACT
 #
 # Acre (AC)
 Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	ACT
 
 # Chile
 
@@ -1141,7 +1110,7 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
 # http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-08):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-08):
 # I think that there are some obvious mistakes in the suggested link
 # from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66 says that GMT-4
 # ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at 1990-09-15
@@ -1151,36 +1120,28 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-27):
 # The following data for Chile and America/Santiago are from
 #  (2006-09-20), transcribed by
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen.  The data for Pacific/Easter are from Shanks
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen.  The data for Pacific/Easter are from Shanks
 # & Pottenger, except with DST transitions after 1932 cloned from
 # America/Santiago.  The pre-1980 Pacific/Easter data are dubious,
 # but we have no other source.
 
-# From German Poo-Caaman~o (2008-03-03):
+# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
 # Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
 # is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
 # and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
-# The Supreme Decree is located at 
-# 
+# The Supreme Decree is located at
 # http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
-# 
 # and the instructions for 2008 are located in:
-# 
 # http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# .
 
-# From Jose Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
 # ...
-# You could see the announces of the change on 
-# 
+# You could see the announces of the change on
 # http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm
-# .
 
 # From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
 # Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
-# 
 # http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
-# 
 # (in Spanish, last paragraph).
 #
 # This is breaking news. There should be more information available later.
@@ -1192,15 +1153,11 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # It appears that the Chilean government has decided to postpone the
 # change from summer time to winter time again, by three weeks to April
 # 2nd:
-# 
 # http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=467651
-# 
 #
-# This is not yet reflected in the offical "cambio de hora" site, but
+# This is not yet reflected in the official "cambio de hora" site, but
 # probably will be soon:
-# 
 # http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-03-02):
 # The emol.com article mentions a water shortage as the cause of the
@@ -1208,9 +1165,7 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 
 # From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
 # The article:
-# 
 # http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
-# 
 #
 # In English:
 # Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
@@ -1233,10 +1188,21 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # b. Saturday, September 1, 2012, clocks should go forward 60 minutes; that is,
 # at 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be
 # 01:00 on September 2.
-#
-# Note that...this is yet another "temporary" change that will be reevaluated
-# AGAIN in 2013.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-02-15):
+# According to several news sources, Chile has extended DST this year,
+# they will end DST later and start DST earlier than planned.  They
+# hope to save energy.  The new end date is 2013-04-28 00:00 and new
+# start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
+# http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm
+
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
+# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
+# dates to 2014.
+# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
+# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf
+
 # NOTE: ChileAQ rules for Antarctic bases are stored separately in the
 # 'antarctica' file.
 
@@ -1278,10 +1244,8 @@ Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2012	only	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2012	only	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2013	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1298,22 +1262,28 @@ Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:44 -	LMT	1890
 			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 13 21:00 # Easter I Time
 			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT
 #
-# Sala y Gomez Island is like Pacific/Easter.
-# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernandez Is, San Ambrosio,
-# San Felix, and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
+# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
 
 # Colombia
+
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
+# "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
-			-4:56:20 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogota Mean Time
+Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
+			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
 			-5:00	CO	CO%sT	# Colombia Time
 # Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
-# Curacao
+# Curaçao
+
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
@@ -1320,10 +1290,10 @@ Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
 # Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
 # 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
-# Saba Island has been like Curacao.
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
 # This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
 #
-# By July 2007 Curacao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
 # associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
 # Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
 # Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
@@ -1330,20 +1300,22 @@ Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # though, as far as we know.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:44 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
 			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
-# At least for now, use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
-# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen charaters
+# use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
+# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
 # and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes" below.
 
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes # Sint Maarten
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk # Bonaire, Sint Estatius and Saba
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 
 # Ecuador
 #
+# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-04):
 # Apparently Ecuador had a failed experiment with DST in 1992.
 #  (2007-02-27) and
@@ -1356,7 +1328,7 @@ Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	-	ECT	     # Ecuador Time
 Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 			-5:00	-	ECT	1986
-			-6:00	-	GALT	     # Galapagos Time
+			-6:00	-	GALT	     # Galápagos Time
 
 # Falklands
 
@@ -1365,7 +1337,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puert
 # the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
-# via Jesper Norgaard:
+# via Jesper Nørgaard:
 # ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
 # April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
 # September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
@@ -1414,9 +1386,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puert
 # daylight saving time.
 #
 # One source:
-# 
 # http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
-# 
 #
 # We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
 # Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
@@ -1479,10 +1449,16 @@ Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar	# Geor
 			-4:00	-	GYT
 
 # Paraguay
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are from 01:00 -> 02:00,
-# and autumn transitions are from 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
 # editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
+#
+# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
+# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
+# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1502,9 +1478,8 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # (10-01).
 #
 # Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
-# 
-# Noticias, a daily paper in Asuncion, Paraguay (2000-10-01)
-# :
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01)
+# :
 # Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
 # fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
 # system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
@@ -1525,21 +1500,18 @@ Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
 # There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
 # a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
 # Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso via Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
 # 
 Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso (2010-02-18):
-# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday (
-# 
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
+# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
 # http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
-# 
-# )
 # Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
 # modifying the October date. The decree reads:
 # ...
@@ -1549,11 +1521,23 @@ Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 # forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
 # ...
 Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
+# Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
+# http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
+# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
+# Decree 1264 can be found at:
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
+Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time
+			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	PYT	1972 Oct # Paraguay Time
 			-3:00	-	PYT	1974 Apr
 			-4:00	Para	PY%sT
@@ -1560,8 +1544,8 @@ Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 
 # Peru
 #
-# 
-# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26):
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
+# :
 # When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
 # sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
 #
@@ -1607,6 +1591,20 @@ Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
 Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
+# These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Montserrat
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
+
 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 # Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
@@ -1624,7 +1622,7 @@ Rule	Uruguay	1937	1941	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1937 Oct 3; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Uruguay	1937	1940	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
 # Whitman gives 1941 Oct 24 - 1942 Mar 27, 1942 Dec 14 - 1943 Apr 13,
-# and 1943 Apr 13 ``to present time''; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# and 1943 Apr 13 "to present time"; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
 Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1673,7 +1671,7 @@ Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
 # 02:00 local time, official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
 Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
 # http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2006/09/CM%20210_08%2006%202006_00001.PDF
 Rule	Uruguay	2006	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
@@ -1688,8 +1686,8 @@ Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
 # From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
 # ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
 # been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
-# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la Republica Bolivariana
-# de Venezuela, numero 38.819" (official document for all laws or
+# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
+# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
 # resolution publication)
 # http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208
 
Index: contrib/tzdata/systemv
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/systemv	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/systemv	(working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# 
-# @(#)systemv	8.2
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
Index: contrib/tzdata/yearistype.sh
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/yearistype.sh	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/yearistype.sh	(working copy)
@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@
 : 'This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of'
 : '2006-07-17 by Arthur David Olson.'
 
-: '@(#)yearistype.sh	8.2'
-
 case $#-$1 in
 	2-|2-0*|2-*[!0-9]*)
-		echo "$0: wild year - $1" >&2
+		echo "$0: wild year: $1" >&2
 		exit 1 ;;
 esac
 
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ case $#-$2 in
 			*)				exit 1 ;;
 		esac ;;
 	2-*)
-		echo "$0: wild type - $2" >&2 ;;
+		echo "$0: wild type: $2" >&2 ;;
 esac
 
 echo "$0: usage is $0 year even|odd|uspres|nonpres|nonuspres" >&2
Index: contrib/tzdata/zone.tab
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/zone.tab	(revision 273102)
+++ contrib/tzdata/zone.tab	(working copy)
@@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
-# 
-# @(#)zone.tab	8.54
+# tz zone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# TZ zone descriptions
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-08-05):
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
-# 1.  ISO 3166 2-character country code.  See /usr/share/misc/iso3166.
-# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
-#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
-#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
-#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
-# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
-# 4.  Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows.
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a zone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
-# The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that
-# (1) makes some geographical sense, and
-# (2) puts the most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
-#
 #country-
 #code	coordinates	TZ			comments
 AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
@@ -33,8 +30,7 @@ AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
 AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
 AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
-AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo Station, Ross Island
-AQ	-9000+00000	Antarctica/South_Pole	Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo, South Pole, Scott (New Zealand time)
 AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
 AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
@@ -43,7 +39,7 @@ AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bai
 AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
 AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Terre Adelie
 AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
-AQ	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island Station, Macquarie Island
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station, Queen Maud Land
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
 AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
 AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
@@ -59,6 +55,7 @@ AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra de
 AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
 AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
 AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
@@ -114,13 +111,12 @@ CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - N
 CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
 CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
 CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
-CA	+4531-07334	America/Montreal	Eastern Time - Quebec - most locations
-CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario - most locations
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - most locations
 CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
 CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
 CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
 CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
-CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Standard Time - Resolute, Nunavut
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Time - Resolute, Nunavut
 CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
 CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
 CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Al
 CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain Time - west Nunavut
 CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
 CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
-CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston		Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
 CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
 CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
 CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
@@ -145,13 +141,10 @@ CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
 CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
 CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
-CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
-CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	east China - Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, etc.
-CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang (except Mohe), Jilin
-CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China - Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, etc.
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	most of Tibet & Xinjiang
-CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	west Tibet & Xinjiang
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
@@ -160,7 +153,8 @@ CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
 CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
 CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
-DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most locations
+DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
 DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
 DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
 DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
@@ -216,7 +210,7 @@ ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borne
 ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
 ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
-IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
 IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
@@ -225,7 +219,7 @@ IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
 IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
 JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
-JM	+1800-07648	America/Jamaica
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
@@ -332,21 +326,26 @@ RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
 RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
 RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
-RU	+5545+03735	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Moscow+00 - Crimea
 RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
-RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 (Moscow+01 after 2014-10-26) - Samara, Udmurtia
 RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
 RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
 RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
-RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 - Novokuznetsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 (Moscow+04 after 2014-10-26) - Kemerovo
 RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
 RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	Moscow+06 (Moscow+05 after 2014-10-26) - Zabaykalsky
 RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
 RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
 RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
-RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
-RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 - Kamchatka
-RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 - Bering Sea
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 (Moscow+07 after 2014-10-26) - Magadan
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	Moscow+08 - E Sakha, N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
 SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
 SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
@@ -388,7 +387,6 @@ TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
 UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
 UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
-UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	central Crimea
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
 UM	+1645-16931	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
@@ -412,9 +410,9 @@ US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem
 US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
-US	+364708-1084111	America/Shiprock	Mountain Time - Navajo
-US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona (except Navajo)
 US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Pacific Standard Time - Annette Island, Alaska
 US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
 US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
 US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
@@ -421,7 +419,6 @@ US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - sou
 US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
 US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
-US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Metlakatla Time - Annette Island
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
 UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
 UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
Index: contrib/tzdata/zone1970.tab
===================================================================
--- contrib/tzdata/zone1970.tab	(revision 0)
+++ contrib/tzdata/zone1970.tab	(working copy)
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# tz zone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a zone where
+# civil time stamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the zone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.
+#     See the file '/usr/share/misc/iso3166'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the 'Theory' file for how zone names are chosen.
+#     If multiple zones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if a country has multiple zones.
+#
+# If a zone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Terre Adelie
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station, Queen Maud Land
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales - most locations
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Yancowinna
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland - most locations
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland - Holiday Islands
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia - most locations
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia - Eucla area
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Amapá, E Pará
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	W Pará
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	E Amazonas
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	W Amazonas
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Time, including SE Labrador
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (most places), PEI
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia - places that did not observe DST 1966-1971
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - most locations
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Time - Resolute, Nunavut
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central Time - Rainy River & Fort Frances, Ontario
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - most locations
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - midwest
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Alberta, east British Columbia & west Saskatchewan
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain Time - west Nunavut
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific Time - north Yukon
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
+CI,BF,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,ST,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW,AW,BQ,SX	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Berlin time
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	mainland
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	mainland
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta & Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk (Truk) and Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei (Ponape)
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	east coast, north of Scoresbysund
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most locations
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda (Kyzylorda, Kzyl-Orda)
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe (Aktobe)
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau (Atirau, Gur'yev), Mangghystau (Mankistau)
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most locations
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Central Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Mexican Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas away from US border
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	US Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas near US border
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - S Baja, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mexican Mountain Time - Chihuahua away from US border
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	US Mountain Time - Chihuahua near US border
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	US Pacific Time - Baja California near US border
+MX	+3018-11452	America/Santa_Isabel	Mexican Pacific Time - Baja California away from US border
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Mexican Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah & Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time (UTC+2)
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time (UTC+1)
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO,SJ	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	mainland
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE,TF	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion	Réunion, Crozet Is, Scattered Is
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Moscow+00 - Crimea
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 (Moscow+01 after 2014-10-26) - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 (Moscow+04 after 2014-10-26) - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	Moscow+06 (Moscow+05 after 2014-10-26) - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 (Moscow+07 after 2014-10-26) - Magadan
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	Moscow+08 - E Sakha, N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Bering Sea
+SA,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD,SS	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen	Kerguelen, St Paul I, Amsterdam I
+TH,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT,AG,AI,BL,DM,GD,GP,MF,LC,KN,MS,VC,VG,VI	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern Time
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern Time - Indiana - most locations
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern Time - Indiana - Daviess, Dubois, Knox & Martin Counties
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pulaski County
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern Time - Indiana - Crawford County
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pike County
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central Time - Indiana - Perry County
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central Time - Indiana - Starke County
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron & Menominee Counties
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central Time - North Dakota - Morton County (except Mandan area)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Pacific Standard Time - Annette Island, Alaska
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
+US,UM	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii time
+UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	east Uzbekistan
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg